Learning

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

• Option 1conditioning
• instincts
• learning
• reflexes

Which of the following is an example of instinct?

• baby turning its head to suckle when its cheek is stroked
• believing that nudity is wrong
• a teacher demonstrating algebra to students on 3
• a toddler who is being toilet trained by her parents.

Which of the following is an example of a reflex?

• the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light
• addressing your elders as “sir” or “ma’am” because that is how you were raised
• jumping for joy when your favorite team wins a championship
• deciding that you want to be a parent

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.

• associative
• instinctive
• processual
• reflexive

In Pavlov’s classical conditioning, the term conditioned is approximately synonymous with the word ________.

• learned
• instinctive
• reflexive
• reactive

Stanley was diagnosed with lymphoma and had to undergo several months of chemotherapy. During this time he would become very nauseated as a side effect, and unintentionally came to associate that nausea with his favorite grilled cheese sandwich. Now, years later, even thinking about a grilled cheese sandwich makes him sick. In this example, Stanley’s nauseous reaction to a grilled cheese sandwich is the ________.

• unconditioned stimulus
• unconditioned response
• conditioned stimulus
• conditioned response

Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________.

• acquisition
• conditioning
• extinction
• learning

You begin to salivate when you smell your favorite cake in the oven, but not when you smell the gross scent of a dirty diaper. This is an example of ________.

• operant conditioning
• stimulus discrimination
• stimulus generalization
• higher-order conditioning

You are a big fan of your grandmother’s chocolate chip cookies. Just the smell of them causes you to feel hungry. One night she is making chocolate chip oatmeal almond cookies, a variation of her usual recipe. You smell the baking cookies and even though it is different than her usual cookie scent, you still suddenly feel hungry for a treat. This demonstrates the classical conditioning principle of ________.

• extinction
• stimulus discrimination
• stimulus generalization
• spontaneous recovery

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?

• boys display fear differently from girls
• boys display more fear than girls
• emotion can be a conditioned response
• fear cannot be a conditioned response