lab exam 3

Ability to arrange the sequence of events for muscle fiber contraction.

• 1. 1. Nerve signal is propagated down motor axon to synaptic knob

  2. 2. Calcium enters synaptic knob through calcium pumps due to membrane potential change

  3. 3. Calcium binds to synaptic vesicles 

  4. 4. Calcium binds to troponin and crossbridge cycle occurs followed by muscle contraction

  5. 5. Synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters (ACh) fuse with plasma membrane and eject into

   the synaptic cleft through exocytosis

  5. 6. Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the motor end plate

  6. 7. Action potential is initiated and propagates along sarcolemma and T-tubules to sarcoplasmic

  reticulum where calcium is released

  
  

• 1. 1.Nerve signal is propagated down motor axon to synaptic knob

  1. 2.Calcium enters synaptic knob through calcium pumps due to membrane potential change

  2. 3. Calcium binds to synaptic vesicles 

  3. 4. Synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters (ACh) fuse with plasma membrane and eject into

   the synaptic cleft through exocytosis

  5. 5. Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the motor end plate

  6. 6. Action potential is initiated and propagates along sarcolemma and T-tubules to sarcoplasmic

  reticulum where calcium is released

  1. 7. Calcium binds to troponin and crossbridge cycle occurs followed by muscle contraction

• 1. 1. Calcium enters synaptic knob through calcium pumps due to membrane potential change

  2. 2. Calcium binds to synaptic vesicles 

  3. 3. Synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters (ACh) fuse with plasma membrane and eject into

   the synaptic cleft through exocytosis

  4. 4. Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the motor end plate

  5. 5. Action potential is initiated and propagates along sarcolemma and T-tubules to sarcoplasmic

  reticulum where calcium is released

  1. 6. Calcium binds to troponin and crossbridge cycle occurs followed by muscle contraction

  2. 7. Nerve signal is propagated down motor axon to synaptic knob

• 1. 1. Nerve signal is propagated down motor axon to synaptic knob

  2. 2. Calcium enters synaptic knob through calcium pumps due to membrane potential change

  3. 3. Calcium binds to synaptic vesicles

  4. 4. Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the motor end plate

  5. 5. Synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters (ACh) fuse with plasma membrane and eject into

   the synaptic cleft through exocytosis

  6. 6.Action potential is initiated and propagates along sarcolemma and T-tubules to sarcoplasmic

  reticulum where calcium is released

  1. 7.Calcium binds to troponin and crossbridge cycle occurs followed by muscle contraction

Ability to differentiate between skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle tissue and label them as voluntary or  involuntary

• Skeletal muscle:

  • Striated 

  • Voluntary

  • Attached to skeleton

  • Smooth muscle:

  • Non-striated, spindle-shaped

  • Involuntary

  • Covering wall of internal organs

  • Cardiac muscle:

  • Non-Striated

  • Voluntary

  • Covering walls of the heart

• Skeletal muscle:

  • non-Striated 

  • Involuntary

  • Attached to skeleton

  • Smooth muscle:

    Non-striated, spindle-shaped

  • Involuntary

  • Covering wall of internal organs

  • Cardiac muscle

  • Striated

  • Involuntary

  • Covering walls of the heart

• Skeletal muscle:

  • Striated 

  • Voluntary

  • Attached to skeleton

  • Smooth muscle:

  • Non-striated, spindle-shaped

  • Involuntary

  • Covering wall of internal organs

  • Cardiac muscle:

  • Striated

  • Involuntary

  • Covering walls of the heart

• Skeletal muscle:

  • Striated 

  • Voluntary

  • Attached to skeleton

  • Smooth muscle:

  • Striated, spindle-shaped

  • Voluntary

  • Covering wall of internal organs

  • Cardiac muscle:

  • Striated

  • Involuntary

  • Covering walls of the heart

Know the 3 reflexes we tested in lab 6 and which spinal nerves they function through

• • Biceps reflex(causes flexion of arm)

  • C5 & C6 spinal nerves

  • Triceps reflex (causes extension of arm)

  • C7 & C8 spinal nerves

  • Patellar reflex (knee jerk reflex)

  • L2, L3, & L4 spinal nerves

• • Biceps reflex (causes flexion of arm)

  • C7 & C8 spinal nerves

  • Triceps reflex (causes extension of arm)

  • C5 & C6 spinal nerves

  • Patellar reflex (knee jerk reflex)

  • L2, L3, & L4 spinal nerves

• • Biceps reflex(causes flexion of arm)

  • C5 & C6 spinal nerves

  • Triceps reflex (knee jerk reflex))

  • L2, L3, & L4 spinal nerve

    Patellar reflex (causes extension of arm

  • C7 & C8 spinal nerves

• • Biceps reflex (causes extension of arm)

  • L2, L3 & L4 spinal nerves

  • Triceps reflex (causes flexion of arm)

  • C7 & C8 spinal nerves

  • Patellar reflex (knee jerk reflex)

  • C5 & C6 spinal nerves

8. Know the differences between hyporeflexia and hyperreflexia

• • Hyporeflexia: due to malnutrition, neuronal lesions, aging and is a diminished response to stimulus

  • Hyperreflexia: exaggerated response due to the loss of inhibitory control of the motor cortex

• • Hyperreflexia: due to malnutrition, neuronal lesions, aging and is a diminished response to stimulus

  • Hyporeflexia: exaggerated response due to the loss of inhibitory control of the motor cortex

 Know the 3 membranes the brain is surrounded by

• • Dura Mater:  inferior to the dura mater, second meninx

  • Between this netlike membrane and surface of brain is the subarachnoid space which

  contains cerebrospinal fluid

  • Arachnoid Mater: outermost meninx

  • thick, tough membrane made up of fibrous connective tissue

  • Pia Mater: surface of the brain, third meninx

  • Very thin, surface has grooves (sulci) that increase surface of gray matter

• • Dura Mater: outermost meninx

  • thick, tough membrane made up of fibrous connective tissue

  • Arachnoid Mater: surface of the brain, third meninx

  • Very thin, surface has grooves (sulci) that increase surface of gray matter

  • Pia Mater: inferior to the dura mater, second meninx

  • Between this netlike membrane and surface of brain is the subarachnoid space which

  contains cerebrospinal fluid

• • Dura Mater: surface of the brain, third meninx

  • Very thin, surface has grooves (sulci) that increase surface of gray matter
    

  • Arachnoid Mater: inferior to the dura mater, second meninx

  • Between this netlike membrane and surface of brain is the subarachnoid space which

  contains cerebrospinal fluid
  

  • Pia Mater: outermost meninx

  • thick, tough membrane made up of fibrous connective tissue

• • Dura Mater: outermost meninx

  • thick, tough membrane made up of fibrous connective tissue

  • Arachnoid Mater: inferior to the dura mater, second meninx

  • Between this netlike membrane and surface of brain is the subarachnoid space which

  contains cerebrospinal fluid

  • Pia Mater: surface of the brain, third meninx

  • Very thin, surface has grooves (sulci) that increase surface of gray matter

Know the functional localization of the brain

• Somatomotor area– occupies surface of the precentral gyrus of frontal lobe, provides movement of 

  specific muscular groups in conscious humans

  Premotor area– large area anterior to the somatomotor area, exerts control over the motor area

  Somatosensory area– located on postcentral gyrus of parietal bones, functions to localize origin of light,  touch, and pressure sensations. Also determines organ position

  Motor speech area– – located on the superior temporal gyrus, receives nerve impulses from the cochlea of the

  inner ear via the thalamus

  
  Visual area– located on the occipital lobe, receives impulses from the retina via the thalamus. Destruction of this region causes blindness

  
  Auditory area– located in frontal lobe, above lateral cerebral fissure, anterior to somatomotor area,

  exerts control over the muscles of the larynx and tongue that produce speech

• Somatomotor area– located on postcentral gyrus of parietal bones, functions to localize origin of light, touch, and pressure sensations. Also determines organ position

  
  Premotor area– large area anterior to the somatomotor area, exerts control over the motor area

  
  Somatosensory area- occupies surface of the precentral gyrus of frontal lobe, provides movement of 

  specific muscular groups in conscious humans

  
  Motor speech area– located in frontal lobe, above lateral cerebral fissure, anterior to somatomotor area,

  exerts control over the muscles of the larynx and tongue that produce speech

  Visual area– located on the occipital lobe, receives impulses from the retina via the thalamus. 

  Destruction of this region causes blindness

  Auditory area– located on the superior temporal gyrus, receives nerve impulses from the cochlea of the

  inner ear via the thalamus

• Somatomotor area– occupies surface of the precentral gyrus of frontal lobe, provides movement of 

  specific muscular groups in conscious humans
  

  Premotor area– large area anterior to the somatomotor area, exerts control over the motor area

  Somatosensory area– located on postcentral gyrus of parietal bones, functions to localize origin of light, touch, and pressure sensations. Also determines organ position
  

  Motor speech area– located in frontal lobe, above lateral cerebral fissure, anterior to somatomotor area,

  exerts control over the muscles of the larynx and tongue that produce speech

  Visual area– located on the occipital lobe, receives impulses from the retina via the thalamus. 

  Destruction of this region causes blindness

  Auditory area– located on the superior temporal gyrus, receives nerve impulses from the cochlea of the inner ear via the thalamus

Know cranial nerves I, V, IX, XII, X

• Olfactory (I) (1)– contains sensory fibers for the sense of smell

  
  

  Trigeminal (V) (5)– largest cranial nerve and sends sensory signals from your face to the brain

  
  

  Glossopharyngeal (IX) (9)– functions in reflexes of the heart, taste, and swallowing

  
  

  Hypoglossal (XII) (12)– emerges from the medulla to innervate several muscles of the tongue

  
  

  Vagus (X) (10)– responsible for the regulation of internal organ function such as digestion, heart rate, and respiratory rate.

  
  

• 
  Vagus (X) (10)– largest cranial nerve and sends sensory signals from your face to the brain

  
  

  Glossopharyngeal (IX) (9)– functions in reflexes of the heart, taste, and swallowing

  
  

  Hypoglossal (XII) (12)– emerges from the medulla to innervate several muscles of the tongue

  
  

  Trigeminal (V) (5– responsible for the regulation of internal organ function such as digestion, heart rate, and respiratory rate.

  
  

• 
  Hypoglossal (XII) (12)– largest cranial nerve and sends sensory signals from your face to the brain

  
  

  Glossopharyngeal (IX) (9)– functions in reflexes of the heart, taste, and swallowing

  
  

  Trigeminal (V) (5)– emerges from the medulla to innervate several muscles of the tongue

  
  

  Vagus (X) (10)– responsible for the regulation of internal organ function such as digestion, heart rate, and respiratory rate.

  
  

• 
  Trigeminal (V) (5)– largest cranial nerve and sends sensory signals from your face to the brain

  
  

  Glossopharyngeal (IX) (9)– functions in reflexes of the heart, taste, and swallowing

  
  

  Vagus (X) (10))– emerges from the medulla to innervate several muscles of the tongue

  
  

  Hypoglossal (XII) (12)– responsible for the regulation of internal organ function such as digestion, heart rate, and respiratory rate.

  
  

 Know the internal regions of the brain and their functions

• Superior colliculi – keeps your body in a stable state (homeostasis)

  
  

  Thalamus – relays information from your body senses (except smell) and sends to cerebral cortex for 

  interpretation

  
  

  Pineal gland – helps control the circadian cycle of sleep and wakefulness by secreting melatonin

  
  

  Hypothalamus– midbrain area where visual, auditory, and somatosensory information are integrated 

  to initiate motor commands

  
  

  Optic nerve– transmits electrical impulses from the eyes to the brain

  
  

• Thalamus– keeps your body in a stable state (homeostasis)

  
  

  Hypothalamus – relays information from your body senses (except smell) and sends to cerebral cortex for 

  interpretation

  
  

  Pineal gland – helps control the circadian cycle of sleep and wakefulness by secreting melatonin

  
  

  Superior colliculi – midbrain area where visual, auditory, and somatosensory information are integrated 

  to initiate motor commands

  
  

  Optic nerve– transmits electrical impulses from the eyes to the brain

  
  

• Hypothalamus – keeps your body in a stable state (homeostasis)

  
  

  Thalamus – relays information from your body senses (except smell) and sends to cerebral cortex for 

  interpretation

  
  

  Optic nerve– helps control the circadian cycle of sleep and wakefulness by secreting melatonin

  
  

  Superior colliculi – midbrain area where visual, auditory, and somatosensory information are integrated 

  to initiate motor commands

  
  

  Pineal gland– transmits electrical impulses from the eyes to the brain

• Hypothalamus – keeps your body in a stable state (homeostasis)

  
  

  Thalamus – relays information from your body senses (except smell) and sends to cerebral cortex for 

  interpretation

  
  

  Pineal gland – helps control the circadian cycle of sleep and wakefulness by secreting melatonin

  
  

  Superior colliculi – midbrain area where visual, auditory, and somatosensory information are integrated 

  to initiate motor commands

  
  

  Optic nerve– transmits electrical impulses from the eyes to the brain