HUMAT 3

Terrible day occurs in ancient Italy

What occurred after the eruption of Mount Vesuvius is quite unusual for researchers, something that happens very rarely.

When a volcano erupts, the revealed sights are fire, plenty of lava and general destruction of the territories near the volcano, but it is not always this exact scenario. 4000 years ago (approximately 2000 before the eruption that found Pompei involved, and completely burned) the eruption of Mount Vesuvius gave researchers a pretty considerable amount of evidence of how life was in that period in the southern region of Italy, Campania.

10 miles from Mount Vesuvius there was the village of Longola, which is now near Naples in today's age. After the eruption of Mount Vesuvius the village was covered in all sorts of sediments, volcanic ash and especially mud that increased even more. This mud was essential for the preservation of the village site, much to the surprise of the researchers that went to the site to study the village in depth They were determined to find, thanks to this rare occurring preservation, what period of the year the eruptions actually happened.

Researchers started digging in depth and meticulously the village of Longola, approx 6000 square meters, thus tarring it out to be one of the most immense investigated sites that is conducted to the Italian early bronze age. Sampling was precisely done by professional researchers in volcanic remans.
This what the researchers had to say about the site:

"It is quite an unique site, because Longola was definitely completely covered by the a of the Vesuvius eruption, and from this we were still able to extract information about the villagers and inhabitants of these ages. In our particular case, we found specific materials, such as fruit and agriculture linked materials, thanks to which we were able to find the period of the year and season where the eruption occurred, which normally is not possible.

Researchers explain that the eruption was set in different phases, at the start of which there was a giant explosion that sent ash all over the villages surrounding the volcano except some villages, such as Longola. This is the reason why there are no human remains in this site, because villagers were able to leave the villages before the copious amount of ash arrived, and this is noticed also because of the footprints that were found.

"Ash and water were found to be more present in the last phase of the eruption, and they were primarily dispersed north and west not too far from the volcano" Rearchers explain. "The village was completely buried due to this last eruption phase. Casts in a volcanic material named "cinerite" were formed, and the layers of volcanic material replaced all particles of vegetal remains in the area", and even after years, up till now, these conditions were a key factor in making the materials resistant to degradation.

"In the cinerite we found imprints of leaves belonging to the woods that were covered by ash and mud after the explosion, and thus is also method to understand how people li the bronze age in Italy," researchers say.

"Comparing Campania and Greece, we can say that at this time we had palaces in the latter, and huts in the other. The villagers most likely lived in groups, and probably at the head of the group there was more than 1 person".

In the villages we also know that there was a storage building, where grains, fruit al other goods were stored and then shared with the villagers.

Luckily for the researchers, while most of the huts in the village didn't catch on fire and were destroyed, the food hut did, and this is because of the volcanic materials in the air. The hut collapsed and what followed was carbonization of the food stored inside of the hut, which is really important for research purposes.

Researchers say that the territory had an abundant variety of food sources, like grains, fruits, vegetables and other foods which were preserved pretty well her the eruption.

What the evidence has brought to light, is that possibly the eruption occurred in fall when the inhabitants of the village stored all their food in the storage huts from the woods sites nearby. The seasonality can be also determined by the imprints of leaves under the trees and also the presence of ripe fruits.

The area now, compared to what it was years ago, is remarkably different. "The construction of a train line (high-speed) was the reason we found this site." Currently researchers stored the materials they found into a storage complex, and they will use them in the future to further the research processes. They will examine all the bone remains and footprints as well. "The eruption was so significant, because it changed a lot of things in the territory, such as climate change, for many years. The amount of ash and mid found was incredible, but what is even more incredible is the way that the site was, for the most part, intact, and untouched for thousands of years. Now, with further research, we can understand how villagers lived years ago."

QUESTION 1

When was the Roman city of Pompei hit by the Vesuvius volcano eruption?

A) 4000 years ago

B) After Plinian eruption

C) 2000 years before the Plinian eruption

D) 2000 years ago

• A

• B

• C

• D

Terrible day occurs in ancient Italy

What occurred after the eruption of Mount Vesuvius is quite unusual for researchers, something that happens very rarely.

When a volcano erupts, the revealed sights are fire, plenty of lava and general destruction of the territories near the volcano, but it is not always this exact scenario 4000 years ago (approximately 2000 before the eruption that found Pompeu involved, and completely burned) the eruption of Mount Vesuvius gave researchers a pretty considerable amount of evidence of how life was in that period in the southern region of Italy, Campania.

10 miles from Mount Vesuvius there was the village of Longola, which is now near Naples in today's age. After the eruption of Mount Vesuvius the village was covered in all sorts of sediments, volcanic ash and especially mud that increased even more. This mud was essential for the preservation of the village site, much to the surprise of the researchers that went to the site to study the village in depth They were determined to find, thanks to this rare occurring preservation, what period of the year the eruptions actually happened.

Researchers started digging in depth and meticulously the village of Longola, approx 6000 square meters, thus tarring it out to be one of the most immense investigated sites that is conducted to the Italian early bronze age. Sampling was precisely done by professional researchers in volcanic remans.
This what the researchers had to say about the site:

"It is quite an unique site, because Longola was definitely completely covered by the ash of the Vesuvius eruption, and from this we were still able to extract information about the villagers and inhabitants of these ages. In our particular case, we found specific materials, such as fruit and agriculture linked materials, thanks to which we were able to find the period of the year and season where the eruption occurred, which normally is not possible.

Researchers explain that the eruption was set in different phases, at the start of which there was a giant explosion that sent ash all over the villages surrounding the volcano except some villages, such as Longola. This is the reason why there are no human remains in this site, because villagers were able to leave the villages before the copious amount of ash arrived, and this is noticed also because of the footprints that were found.

"Ash and water were found to be more present in the last phase of the eruption, and they were primarily dispersed north and west not too far from the volcano" Rearchers explain. "The village was completely buried due to this last eruption phase. Casts in a volcanic material named "cinerite" were formed, and the layers of volcanic material replaced all particles of vegetal remains in the area", and even after years, up till now, these conditions were a key factor in making the materials resistant to degradation.

"In the cinerite we found imprints of leaves belonging to the woods that were covered by ash and mud after the explosion, and thus is also method to understand how people li the bronze age in Italy," researchers say.

"Comparing Campania and Greece, we can say that at this time we had palaces in the latter, and huts in the other. The villagers most likely lived in groups, and probably at the head of the group there was more than 1 person".

In the villages we also know that there was a storage building, where grains, fruit al other goods were stored and then shared with the villagers.

Luckily for the researchers, while most of the huts in the village didn't catch on fire and were destroyed, the food hut did, and this is because of the volcanic materials in the air. The hut collapsed and what followed was carbonization of the food stored inside of the hut, which is really important for research purposes.

Researchers say that the territory had an abundant variety of food sources, like grains, fruits, vegetables and other foods which were preserved pretty well her the eruption.

What the evidence has brought to light, is that possibly the eruption occurred in fall when the inhabitants of the village stored all their food in the storage huts from the woods sites nearby. The seasonality can be also determined by the imprints of leaves under the trees and also the presence of ripe fruits.

The area now, compared to what it was years ago, is remarkably different. "The construction of a train line (high-speed) was the reason we found this site." Currently researchers stored the materials they found into a storage complex, and they will use them in the future to further the research processes. They will examine all the bone remains and footprints as well. "The eruption was so significant, because it changed a lot of things in the territory, such as climate change, for many years. The amount of ash and mid found was incredible, but what is even more incredible is the way that the site was, for the most part, intact, and untouched for thousands of years. Now, with further research, we can understand how villagers lived years ago."

QUESTION 2

What were the consequences of the eruption for the village of Longola?

A) The village was left untouched by researchers

B) The eruption caused the levels of protection of the village to increase

C) The village was excavated just in little areas and not precisely

D) The village was not harmed by the eruption

• A

• B

• C

• D

Terrible day occurs in ancient Italy

What occurred after the eruption of Mount Vesuvius is quite unusual for researchers, something that happens very rarely.

When a volcano erupts, the revealed sights are fire, plenty of lava and general destruction of the territories near the volcano, but it is not always this exact scenario 4000 years ago (approximately 2000 before the eruption that found Pompeu involved, and completely burned) the eruption of Mount Vesuvius gave researchers a pretty considerable amount of evidence of how life was in that period in the southern region of Italy, Campania.

10 miles from Mount Vesuvius there was the village of Longola, which is now near Naples in today's age. After the eruption of Mount Vesuvius the village was covered in all sorts of sediments, volcanic ash and especially mud that increased even more. This mud was essential for the preservation of the village site, much to the surprise of the researchers that went to the site to study the village in depth They were determined to find, thanks to this rare occurring preservation, what period of the year the eruptions actually happened.

Researchers started digging in depth and meticulously the village of Longola, approx 6000 square meters, thus tarring it out to be one of the most immense investigated sites that is conducted to the Italian early bronze age. Sampling was precisely done by professional researchers in volcanic remans.
This what the researchers had to say about the site:

"It is quite an unique site, because Longola was definitely completely covered by the ash of the Vesuvius eruption, and from this we were still able to extract information about the villagers and inhabitants of these ages. In our particular case, we found specific materials, such as fruit and agriculture linked materials, thanks to which we were able to find the period of the year and season where the eruption occurred, which normally is not possible.

Researchers explain that the eruption was set in different phases, at the start of which there was a giant explosion that sent ash all over the villages surrounding the volcano except some villages, such as Longola. This is the reason why there are no human remains in this site, because villagers were able to leave the villages before the copious amount of ash arrived, and this is noticed also because of the footprints that were found.

"Ash and water were found to be more present in the last phase of the eruption, and they were primarily dispersed north and west not too far from the volcano" Rearchers explain. "The village was completely buried due to this last eruption phase. Casts in a volcanic material named "cinerite" were formed, and the layers of volcanic material replaced all particles of vegetal remains in the area", and even after years, up till now, these conditions were a key factor in making the materials resistant to degradation.

"In the cinerite we found imprints of leaves belonging to the woods that were covered by ash and mud after the explosion, and thus is also method to understand how people li the bronze age in Italy," researchers say.

"Comparing Campania and Greece, we can say that at this time we had palaces in the latter, and huts in the other. The villagers most likely lived in groups, and probably at the head of the group there was more than 1 person".

In the villages we also know that there was a storage building, where grains, fruit al other goods were stored and then shared with the villagers.

Luckily for the researchers, while most of the huts in the village didn't catch on fire and were destroyed, the food hut did, and this is because of the volcanic materials in the air. The hut collapsed and what followed was carbonization of the food stored inside of the hut, which is really important for research purposes.

Researchers say that the territory had an abundant variety of food sources, like grains, fruits, vegetables and other foods which were preserved pretty well her the eruption.

What the evidence has brought to light, is that possibly the eruption occurred in fall when the inhabitants of the village stored all their food in the storage huts from the woods sites nearby. The seasonality can be also determined by the imprints of leaves under the trees and also the presence of ripe fruits.

The area now, compared to what it was years ago, is remarkably different. "The construction of a train line (high-speed) was the reason we found this site." Currently researchers stored the materials they found into a storage complex, and they will use them in the future to further the research processes. They will examine all the bone remains and footprints as well. "The eruption was so significant, because it changed a lot of things in the territory, such as climate change, for many years. The amount of ash and mid found was incredible, but what is even more incredible is the way that the site was, for the most part, intact, and untouched for thousands of years. Now, with further research, we can understand how villagers lived years ago."

QUESTION 3

What did the researchers find in the eruption site?

A) little amount of ash

B) water

C) clean leaves

D) cinerite

• A

• B

• C

• D

Answer explanation

Cinerite: A sedimentary rock composed mostly of volcanic ash

Terrible day occurs in ancient Italy

What occurred after the eruption of Mount Vesuvius is quite unusual for researchers, something that happens very rarely.

When a volcano erupts, the revealed sights are fire, plenty of lava and general destruction of the territories near the volcano, but it is not always this exact scenario 4000 years ago (approximately 2000 before the eruption that found Pompeu involved, and completely burned) the eruption of Mount Vesuvius gave researchers a pretty considerable amount of evidence of how life was in that period in the southern region of Italy, Campania.

10 miles from Mount Vesuvius there was the village of Longola, which is now near Naples in today's age. After the eruption of Mount Vesuvius the village was covered in all sorts of sediments, volcanic ash and especially mud that increased even more. This mud was essential for the preservation of the village site, much to the surprise of the researchers that went to the site to study the village in depth They were determined to find, thanks to this rare occurring preservation, what period of the year the eruptions actually happened.

Researchers started digging in depth and meticulously the village of Longola, approx 6000 square meters, thus tarring it out to be one of the most immense investigated sites that is conducted to the Italian early bronze age. Sampling was precisely done by professional researchers in volcanic remans.
This what the researchers had to say about the site:

"It is quite an unique site, because Longola was definitely completely covered by the ash of the Vesuvius eruption, and from this we were still able to extract information about the villagers and inhabitants of these ages. In our particular case, we found specific materials, such as fruit and agriculture linked materials, thanks to which we were able to find the period of the year and season where the eruption occurred, which normally is not possible.

Researchers explain that the eruption was set in different phases, at the start of which there was a giant explosion that sent ash all over the villages surrounding the volcano except some villages, such as Longola. This is the reason why there are no human remains in this site, because villagers were able to leave the villages before the copious amount of ash arrived, and this is noticed also because of the footprints that were found.

"Ash and water were found to be more present in the last phase of the eruption, and they were primarily dispersed north and west not too far from the volcano" Rearchers explain. "The village was completely buried due to this last eruption phase. Casts in a volcanic material named "cinerite" were formed, and the layers of volcanic material replaced all particles of vegetal remains in the area", and even after years, up till now, these conditions were a key factor in making the materials resistant to degradation.

"In the cinerite we found imprints of leaves belonging to the woods that were covered by ash and mud after the explosion, and thus is also method to understand how people li the bronze age in Italy," researchers say.

"Comparing Campania and Greece, we can say that at this time we had palaces in the latter, and huts in the other. The villagers most likely lived in groups, and probably at the head of the group there was more than 1 person".

In the villages we also know that there was a storage building, where grains, fruit al other goods were stored and then shared with the villagers.

Luckily for the researchers, while most of the huts in the village didn't catch on fire and were destroyed, the food hut did, and this is because of the volcanic materials in the air. The hut collapsed and what followed was carbonization of the food stored inside of the hut, which is really important for research purposes.

Researchers say that the territory had an abundant variety of food sources, like grains, fruits, vegetables and other foods which were preserved pretty well her the eruption.

What the evidence has brought to light, is that possibly the eruption occurred in fall when the inhabitants of the village stored all their food in the storage huts from the woods sites nearby. The seasonality can be also determined by the imprints of leaves under the trees and also the presence of ripe fruits.

The area now, compared to what it was years ago, is remarkably different. "The construction of a train line (high-speed) was the reason we found this site." Currently researchers stored the materials they found into a storage complex, and they will use them in the future to further the research processes. They will examine all the bone remains and footprints as well. "The eruption was so significant, because it changed a lot of things in the territory, such as climate change, for many years. The amount of ash and mid found was incredible, but what is even more incredible is the way that the site was, for the most part, intact, and untouched for thousands of years. Now, with further research, we can understand how villagers lived years ago."

QUESTION 4
In the phrase "copious amount of ash", copious is a synonym of

A) negligible

B) excessive

C) abundant

D) sight

• A

• B

• C

• D

Terrible day occurs in ancient Italy

What occurred after the eruption of Mount Vesuvius is quite unusual for researchers, something that happens very rarely.

When a volcano erupts, the revealed sights are fire, plenty of lava and general destruction of the territories near the volcano, but it is not always this exact scenario 4000 years ago (approximately 2000 before the eruption that found Pompeu involved, and completely burned) the eruption of Mount Vesuvius gave researchers a pretty considerable amount of evidence of how life was in that period in the southern region of Italy, Campania.

10 miles from Mount Vesuvius there was the village of Longola, which is now near Naples in today's age. After the eruption of Mount Vesuvius the village was covered in all sorts of sediments, volcanic ash and especially mud that increased even more. This mud was essential for the preservation of the village site, much to the surprise of the researchers that went to the site to study the village in depth They were determined to find, thanks to this rare occurring preservation, what period of the year the eruptions actually happened.

Researchers started digging in depth and meticulously the village of Longola, approx 6000 square meters, thus tarring it out to be one of the most immense investigated sites that is conducted to the Italian early bronze age. Sampling was precisely done by professional researchers in volcanic remans.
This what the researchers had to say about the site:

"It is quite an unique site, because Longola was definitely completely covered by the ash of the Vesuvius eruption, and from this we were still able to extract information about the villagers and inhabitants of these ages. In our particular case, we found specific materials, such as fruit and agriculture linked materials, thanks to which we were able to find the period of the year and season where the eruption occurred, which normally is not possible.

Researchers explain that the eruption was set in different phases, at the start of which there was a giant explosion that sent ash all over the villages surrounding the volcano except some villages, such as Longola. This is the reason why there are no human remains in this site, because villagers were able to leave the villages before the copious amount of ash arrived, and this is noticed also because of the footprints that were found.

"Ash and water were found to be more present in the last phase of the eruption, and they were primarily dispersed north and west not too far from the volcano" Rearchers explain. "The village was completely buried due to this last eruption phase. Casts in a volcanic material named "cinerite" were formed, and the layers of volcanic material replaced all particles of vegetal remains in the area", and even after years, up till now, these conditions were a key factor in making the materials resistant to degradation.

"In the cinerite we found imprints of leaves belonging to the woods that were covered by ash and mud after the explosion, and thus is also method to understand how people li the bronze age in Italy," researchers say.

"Comparing Campania and Greece, we can say that at this time we had palaces in the latter, and huts in the other. The villagers most likely lived in groups, and probably at the head of the group there was more than 1 person".

In the villages we also know that there was a storage building, where grains, fruit al other goods were stored and then shared with the villagers.

Luckily for the researchers, while most of the huts in the village didn't catch on fire and were destroyed, the food hut did, and this is because of the volcanic materials in the air. The hut collapsed and what followed was carbonization of the food stored inside of the hut, which is really important for research purposes.

Researchers say that the territory had an abundant variety of food sources, like grains, fruits, vegetables and other foods which were preserved pretty well her the eruption.

What the evidence has brought to light, is that possibly the eruption occurred in fall when the inhabitants of the village stored all their food in the storage huts from the woods sites nearby. The seasonality can be also determined by the imprints of leaves under the trees and also the presence of ripe fruits.

The area now, compared to what it was years ago, is remarkably different. "The construction of a train line (high-speed) was the reason we found this site." Currently researchers stored the materials they found into a storage complex, and they will use them in the future to further the research processes. They will examine all the bone remains and footprints as well. "The eruption was so significant, because it changed a lot of things in the territory, such as climate change, for many years. The amount of ash and mid found was incredible, but what is even more incredible is the way that the site was, for the most part, intact, and untouched for thousands of years. Now, with further research, we can understand how villagers lived years ago."

QUESTION 5

How was Italy during the Early Bronze Age?

A) the food was scarce due to the eruption

B) food was stored inside palaces

C) the food storage hut caught on fire

D) they always had multiple person as head of the group

• A

• B

• C

• D

Terrible day occurs in ancient Italy

What occurred after the eruption of Mount Vesuvius is quite unusual for researchers, something that happens very rarely.

When a volcano erupts, the revealed sights are fire, plenty of lava and general destruction of the territories near the volcano, but it is not always this exact scenario 4000 years ago (approximately 2000 before the eruption that found Pompeu involved, and completely burned) the eruption of Mount Vesuvius gave researchers a pretty considerable amount of evidence of how life was in that period in the southern region of Italy, Campania.

10 miles from Mount Vesuvius there was the village of Longola, which is now near Naples in today's age. After the eruption of Mount Vesuvius the village was covered in all sorts of sediments, volcanic ash and especially mud that increased even more. This mud was essential for the preservation of the village site, much to the surprise of the researchers that went to the site to study the village in depth They were determined to find, thanks to this rare occurring preservation, what period of the year the eruptions actually happened.

Researchers started digging in depth and meticulously the village of Longola, approx 6000 square meters, thus tarring it out to be one of the most immense investigated sites that is conducted to the Italian early bronze age. Sampling was precisely done by professional researchers in volcanic remans.
This what the researchers had to say about the site:

"It is quite an unique site, because Longola was definitely completely covered by the ash of the Vesuvius eruption, and from this we were still able to extract information about the villagers and inhabitants of these ages. In our particular case, we found specific materials, such as fruit and agriculture linked materials, thanks to which we were able to find the period of the year and season where the eruption occurred, which normally is not possible.

Researchers explain that the eruption was set in different phases, at the start of which there was a giant explosion that sent ash all over the villages surrounding the volcano except some villages, such as Longola. This is the reason why there are no human remains in this site, because villagers were able to leave the villages before the copious amount of ash arrived, and this is noticed also because of the footprints that were found.

"Ash and water were found to be more present in the last phase of the eruption, and they were primarily dispersed north and west not too far from the volcano" Rearchers explain. "The village was completely buried due to this last eruption phase. Casts in a volcanic material named "cinerite" were formed, and the layers of volcanic material replaced all particles of vegetal remains in the area", and even after years, up till now, these conditions were a key factor in making the materials resistant to degradation.

"In the cinerite we found imprints of leaves belonging to the woods that were covered by ash and mud after the explosion, and thus is also method to understand how people li the bronze age in Italy," researchers say.

"Comparing Campania and Greece, we can say that at this time we had palaces in the latter, and huts in the other. The villagers most likely lived in groups, and probably at the head of the group there was more than 1 person".

In the villages we also know that there was a storage building, where grains, fruit al other goods were stored and then shared with the villagers.

Luckily for the researchers, while most of the huts in the village didn't catch on fire and were destroyed, the food hut did, and this is because of the volcanic materials in the air. The hut collapsed and what followed was carbonization of the food stored inside of the hut, which is really important for research purposes.

Researchers say that the territory had an abundant variety of food sources, like grains, fruits, vegetables and other foods which were preserved pretty well her the eruption.

What the evidence has brought to light, is that possibly the eruption occurred in fall when the inhabitants of the village stored all their food in the storage huts from the woods sites nearby. The seasonality can be also determined by the imprints of leaves under the trees and also the presence of ripe fruits.

The area now, compared to what it was years ago, is remarkably different. "The construction of a train line (high-speed) was the reason we found this site." Currently researchers stored the materials they found into a storage complex, and they will use them in the future to further the research processes. They will examine all the bone remains and footprints as well. "The eruption was so significant, because it changed a lot of things in the territory, such as climate change, for many years. The amount of ash and mid found was incredible, but what is even more incredible is the way that the site was, for the most part, intact, and untouched for thousands of years. Now, with further research, we can understand how villagers lived years ago."

QUESTION 6

How will the information gathered from finding the site be used?

A) they will construct a high speed train line

B) researchers will study the animal bones

C) researchers will study leaves

D) researchers will examine the ash remains

• A

• B

• C

• D

"When he takes the train, Charles is always late to his destination."

Which of the following statements can be inferred from the previous sentence?

A) Charles arrived late, so he took the train.

B) Charles arrived on time, so he did not take the train

C) Charles did not take the train, so he arrived late

D) Charles arrived on time, so he took the train

• A

• B

• C

• D

"Damage to cell membranes and organelles can occur in several ways. One of the most common and important is that which results from free radical damage. Free radical is any molecule that has an unpaired electron. These molecules, which are highly reactive and transient, arise from normal oxidative metabolism or from exposure to radiation, toxic gasses, to chemicals and drugs."

Which of the following statements can be deduced from the passage above?

A) Only exposure to chemicals produces free radicals and thus causes damage to membranes cells

B) There are molecules with unpaired electrons that are not free radicals

C) Normal oxidative metabolism is the only mechanism of free radical production

D) Organelles can also be damaged by free radicals

• A

• B

• C

• D

Traces of the earliest stars in the universe

Ancient remains of the first stars of the universe have been found by astronomers. Using a new technique, thanks to a quasar which was observed with a specialized telescope, astronomers found an unexpected ratio of particular elements that can realistically only be from debris of an explosion of an ancient star.

Around 100 million years ago is the estimated time where the first stars likely formed in the universe, which is really far away from now. The first stars we refer to are called PIII, and they were so big that they died as supernovas, they completely destroyed themselves, sending remarkable amounts of heavy metal blends into the surrounding space. However, even though a lot of research has been done by astronomers, there is no evidence, direct at least, that these stars existed that is until now

Through the analysis of a distant quasar with a specialized telescope, astronomers think that they were able to identify the material of the explosion of a star which is considered to be first generation. The astronomers used a new method to analyze the chemical elements of the clouds which were around the quasar, and they found that there was a manual composition the ratio of iron to magnesium was unbalanced, making the iron way too much, the unbalanced state of the ratio is deduced by comparing it to the ratio of the same elements found in the Sun

Researchers believe that an explanation for this is that the materials were left by a star (first gen) that exploded as a supernova with the characteristic of having pair instability This particular type of supernova explosion has never been documented and witnessed, but only theorized hypothetically to be the end of really big stars with a mass that is 150-250 times the mass of the Sun

These supernova explosions occur when, in the middle of the star, photons turn into electrons spontaneously, and thus conversion makes it so the radiation pressure in the star as lowered, and thus allows gravity to become stronger and stronger and thus bringing to the collapse and explosion of the star

These supernovae leave no remains, unlike other one switch leave black holes or neutron stars, but they do send different types of materials into space during the explosion. 2 are the ways to find their evidence

1- witness this particular type of supernova when it happens, but it is almost impossible

and very unlikely

2. identify the chemical form of the materials that the supernova leaves in its surrounding space after the explosion

Researchers analyzed the results of observations that were previously made using specific telescopes that use infrared technology and with an infrared spectrograph, which performs very specific tests on celestial objects

Understanding the characteristics of each element, especially the quantities, is difficult since the brightness of each spectrum that has to be analyzed depends on a lot of different factors, and not only the quantity of an element

Two researchers have solved this problem with a new method where they measure the intensity of the wave-lenght of spectrums in quasar to understand the quantity of elements that are inside. This analysis led to the discovery of the low magnesium iron ratio.

"I already knew the supernova that could have been linked to this research would have been a pair instability one, in particular the supernova of PIII star, where the star explodes and doesn't leave anything behind I was happy to find, to my surprise, that this type of supernova of a star that has a mass 400 times the Sun, has a very similar ratio of magnesium iron as the value that was found in the quasar," researcher Heiuz said

Now there have been multiple researches carried out for similar chemical compositions in space. However researchers, such as Hemz, are confident that their findings are the closest ones to proving the desired result

If this is the case, then these findings will help astronomers understand how matter in space evolved into what it is now. A lot of research has to still be done to ensure that what Heinz and his colleagues found is definitely correct

Chemical signatures can still be found though. PIII stars died a long time ago, but their chemical remains in the material they left in space remains longer in time, and could still be found. Astronomers would seed to find these chemical remains, and there is definitely a possibility they could

QUESTION 1

What did the researchers notice while analyzing a quasar?

A inside the quasar there were iron and magnesium

B. compared to the Sun it has less iron than magnesian

C it is smaller than the Sun

D. the quasar clouds contain chemicals from a supernova

• A

• B

• C

• D

Traces of the earliest stars in the universe

Ancient remains of the first stars of the universe have been found by astronomers. Using a new technique, thanks to a quasar which was observed with a specialized telescope, astronomers found an unexpected ratio of particular elements that can realistically only be from debris of an explosion of an ancient star.

QUESTION 2

What is true about supernova explosions? 

A photons in the center of a star turn into electrons and protons

B the explosion leads to black holes

C material is ejected into space

D pressure imide the star increases

• A

• B

• C

• D