AP Euro unit 4 test review

Which of the following was NOT considered an Enlightened despot/Enlightened absolutist?

• Catherine the Great of Russia

• Frederick II (the Great) of Prussia

• Louis XIV of France

• Joseph II of Austria

His work On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres published in 1543 challenged the old Ptolemaic model of the universe by advancing the heliocentric model of the universe. He presented the orbits of the planets as perfectly circular.

• Copernicus

• Galileo

• Kepler

• Brahe

Sponsored by the HRE Rudolph II, he ran the most sophisticated observatory of his day from which he was able to compile tables of data about the movements of the planets. He was a teacher of Johannes Kepler.

• Galileo

• Tycho Brahe

• Copernicus

• Isaac Newton

A student of Tycho Brahe, he used mathematics to established 3 laws of motion relating to the orbits of the planets around the sun.

• Kepler

• Galileo

• Copernicus

• Isaac Newton

A supporter of the Copernican model of the universe, he used his advancements on the telescope to discover new things about the universe. The publishing of his most well-known work, Dialogue Concerning Two Chief World Systems (1632) prompted him to be called before the Inquisition and put on trial. Officially, he recanted the thesis that he put forward in his work.

• Kepler

• Newton

• Galileo

• Descartes

This English scientist developed the law of universal gravitation (mutual attraction is proportional to mass) and 3 laws of motion that served to help explain the movements of the planets and objects on Earth. He blended inductive and deductive reasoning techniques. He argued for a universe governed by natural laws. Many of his theories were proposed in his work Principia Naturalis, published in 1687.

• Isaac Newton

• Johannes Kepler

• Nicolaus Copernicus

• Francis Bacon

He was a major proponent of empiricism - using inductive reasoning based on observation to understand the world. He is often considered to have developed the Scientific Method.

• Francis Bacon

• Nicolaus Copernicus

• Tycho Brahe

• René Descartes

He was a proponent of deductive reasoning - thought that truth can be discovered through human reasoning. He encouraged people to doubt everything, even existence, and use reasoning to discover and understand. His most famous saying is "Je pense, donc je suis" (I think therefore I am).

• René Descartes

• Tycho Brahe

• Galileo Galilei

• Blaise Pascal

This English noblewoman was one of the few women involved in science at the time. She published books on natural philosophy and debated with Hobbes and Descartes.

• Margaret Cavendish

• Jane Austen

• Emilie du Chatelet

• Mary Wollstonecraft

Though excluded from the Berlin academy, she discovered a comet.

• Emilie du Chatelet

• Marie de Medici

• Catherine the Great

• Maria Winkelmann