AP EURO FALL EXAM STUDY GUIDE

“For that reason, let a prince have the credit of conquering and holding his state, the means will always be considered honest, and he will be praised by everybody; because the vulgar are always taken by what a thing seems to be and by what comes of it; and in the world there are only the vulgar, for the few find a place there only when the many have no ground to rest on.” 

Nicolo Machiavelli, The Prince, 1532

Which of the following quotes best fits with the passage above?

• A.     “The ends justify the means.”

• A.     “Honesty is the best policy.”

• A.     “All’s well that ends well”

• A.     “The vulgar man is always the most distinguished, for the very desire to be distinguished is vulgar.”

“For that reason, let a prince have the credit of conquering and holding his state, the means will always be considered honest, and he will be praised by everybody; because the vulgar are always taken by what a thing seems to be and by what comes of it; and in the world there are only the vulgar, for the few find a place there only when the many have no ground to rest on.” 

Nicolo Machiavelli, The Prince, 1532

  The passage above reflects the emerging scholarly discipline of…

•   Anthropology

• Political science

• Historiography

• Economics

“So it goes now. Whoever wants to be clever must agree with nothing that others esteem. He must do something of his own. This is what that fellow does who wishes to turn the whole of astronomy upside down. Even in these things that are thrown into disorder I believe the Holy Scriptures, for Joshua commanded the sun to stand still, and not the earth.” 

Martin Luther, Table Talk, 1539

In this passage, Martin Luther advocated for……

• Justification by faith

• Justification by works

• Development of the science of astronomy

• The Bible as the sole source of religious authority

“So it goes now. Whoever wants to be clever must agree with nothing that others esteem. He must do something of his own. This is what that fellow does who wishes to turn the whole of astronomy upside down. Even in these things that are thrown into disorder I believe the Holy Scriptures, for Joshua commanded the sun to stand still, and not the earth.” 

Martin Luther, Table Talk, 1539

The scientific achievement described above was first discovered by…

• Nicholas Copernicus

• Galileo Galilei

• Johannes Kepler

• Isaac Newton

The figure on the ground represents….

• The First Estate

• The Second Estate

• The Third Estate

• A.     Conquered peoples of the French Empire

The 1492 landing of Christopher Columbus in the West Indies, engraving circa 1592 by Theodore de Bry

By the time the engraving was produced, the event portrayed had resulted in which of the following?

• The large scale migration of Native American peoples to Europe

• The transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between Europe and the Americas

• The establishment of colonies by all major European powers

• The creation of an extensive plantation system in the West Indies that relied on Native American coerced labor

The image could best be used to illustrate which of the following general aspects of the initial encounters between Europeans and Native Americans

• European Explorers were often outnumbered by Native Americans

• Advances in military and maritime technology usually gave Europeans an advantage over Native Americans

• Lack of knowledge of Native American languages hindered European’s ability to understand Native American cultures

• The arrival of Europeans often threatened existing hierarchies in Native American societies

“Religion supplies the pretext, and gold the motive.” This statement was a contemporary characterization of….

• the launching of the Spanish Armada

• the execution of Charles I

• the postings of the 95 Theses

• Spanish and Portuguese expansion in the New World.

“In conformity, therefore, to the clear doctrine of the Scripture, we assert, that by an eternal and immutable counsel, God has once for all determined, both whom he would admit to salvation, and whom he would condemn to destruction.

• Erasmus

• Pope Leo X

• Thomas More

• John Calvin

At the end of the Thirty Years War in the formation of the Peace of Westphalia….

• The German states kept their individual sovereignty.

• Holy Roman emperor became more powerful.

• The Church exerted a powerful influence.

• The English intervened in continental affairs.