What does "Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)" refer to?

• The level of tasks a child can perform independently

• The difference between what a learner can do without help and what they can do with assistance

• A developmental stage in early childhood

• The highest potential level of learning for a student

According to Piaget's theory, what is the cognitive developmental stage characterized by egocentrism and lack of understanding others' perspectives?

• Concrete operational stage

• Formal operational stage

• Preoperational stage

• Sensorimotor stage

What type of learning focuses on observable behaviors and responses to stimuli?

• Cognitive learning

• Operant conditioning

• Social learning theory

• Classical conditioning

The process of relating new information to existing knowledge is known as:

• Accommodation

• Assimilation

• Scaffolding

• Adaptation

What theory emphasizes the importance of observational learning and modeling behaviors?

• Behaviorism

• Constructivism

• Social learning theory

• Gestalt psychology

According to Erik Erikson, what is the primary developmental task during adolescence?

• Industry vs. inferiority

• Trust vs. mistrust

• Identity vs. role confusion

• Autonomy vs. shame and doubt

Which educational approach emphasizes hands-on learning, problem-solving, and critical thinking?

• Behaviorism

• Constructivism

• Humanism

• Cognitivism

The concept of "self-efficacy" is associated with which psychologist?

• Albert Bandura

• B.F. Skinner

• Jean Piaget

• Lev Vygotsky

What theory emphasizes the importance of fulfilling a person's hierarchy of needs for motivation?

• Self-determination theory

• Maslow's hierarchy of needs

• Expectancy theory

• Theory of multiple intelligences

According to Howard Gardner's theory, how many types of intelligences are there?

• Five

• Seven

• Eight

• Nine