the brain's perception of continuous movement in a rapid series of slightly varying images; this is how we perceive motion in film and animation

Gestalt grouping principle; when objects uniform (in color or texture) are linked (no space exists between them) we perceive them as a single unit

Gestalt grouping principle; we group nearby figures together

diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation.

credited with founding Gestalt Psychology; also conducted studies of insight learning in chimps

conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies into neural impulses.

Gestalt grouping principle; we fill in "gaps" to create a full, complete object

the third layer of retinal neurons whose axons leave the eyeball and form the optic nerve.

the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next.

the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance

height of a wave; influences brightness in visual perception and volume in audition

ability to attend to only a limited amount of sensory information at one time

Gestalt grouping principle; we fill in "gaps" to create a full, complete object

Gestalt grouping principle; we group nearby figures together

height of a wave; influences brightness in visual perception and volume in audition

the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision; useful for explaining the phenomenon of "after-images"

the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters.

credited with founding Gestalt Psychology; also conducted studies of insight learning in chimps

a ring of muscle tissue that forms the color portions of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening.

Gestalt grouping principle; when objects uniform (in color or texture) are linked (no space exists between them) we perceive them as a single unit

the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina.

diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation.

the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye; no receptors cells are located there. Creates a gap in our vision that is "filled" by the brain.

when one sort of sensation (such as hearing a sound) produces another (such as seeing color)

the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance

the ability to adjust to an altered perceptual reality; in vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or inverted visual field (as when wearing visual displacement goggles).

the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information.

perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent shapes, size, lightness, and color) even as illumination and retinal images change

literally, "below threshold"; stimuli too weak to be consistently detected

the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye; no receptors cells are located there. Creates a gap in our vision that is "filled" by the brain.

the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information.

snail-shaped tube in the inner ear that contains fluid that moves in response to vibrations, stimulating activity on the basilar membrane

Gestalt grouping principle; we fill in "gaps" to create a full, complete object

Receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. They detect fine details and give rise to color sensation.

Nobel-prize-winning researchers who discovered "feature detectors" within the brain

the processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrast with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving.

the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye; no receptors cells are located there. Creates a gap in our vision that is "filled" by the brain.

second layer of neurons in the retina that transmit impulses from rods and cones to ganglion cells; rods share these, but cones do not

ability to attend to only a limited amount of sensory information at one time

fluid filled tubes in inner ear that provide information about movement of the head

the processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrast with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving.

the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye; no receptors cells are located there. Creates a gap in our vision that is "filled" by the brain.

the retina contains three different colors receptors-one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue-which when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color.

diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation.

a ring of muscle tissue that forms the color portions of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening.

Opponent-Process theory

the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision; useful for explaining the phenomenon of "after-images"

A gestalt perceptual phenomenon; the organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings

conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies into neural impulses.

perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the objects.

the third layer of retinal neurons whose axons leave the eyeball and form the optic nerve.

the retina contains three different colors receptors-one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue-which when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color.

the ability to adjust to an altered perceptual reality; in vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or inverted visual field (as when wearing visual displacement goggles).

the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance; enabled by feedback from semicircular canals in inner ear

A gestalt perceptual phenomenon; the organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings

finger-like projections on the basilar membrane that stimulate activity of the auditory nerve

conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies into neural impulses.

literally, "below threshold"; stimuli too weak to be consistently detected

the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window.

second layer of neurons in the retina that transmit impulses from rods and cones to ganglion cells; rods share these, but cones do not

in psychological science, the influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgments

Nobel-prize-winning researchers who discovered "feature detectors" within the brain

the innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs.

the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance; enabled by feedback from semicircular canals in inner ear

height of a wave; influences brightness in visual perception and volume in audition

in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated.

the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance

the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information.

Receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. They detect fine details and give rise to color sensation.

Gestalt grouping principle; we fill in "gaps" to create a full, complete object

the theory that the spinal cord contains neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. The "gate" is open by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming form the brain.