AP BIOLOGY REVIEW

Define DNA

• Deoxyribonucleic acid; a double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule that determines the structure of proteins
• In animals, a set of morphological and developmental traits that are integrated into a functional whole—the living animal.
• The development of body shape and organization.
• switch that controls whether or not the operon system is "on" or "off"
• A series of genes in an E.Coli bacteria that code for proteins that digest lactose. These genes can be turned on or off.

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS1-1

Define chromosome

• These consist of DNA wrapped around proteins called histones; located in the nucleus
• This gene codes for Ras protein, a G protein that relays a growth signal from a growth-factor receptor on the plasma membrane to a cascade of protein kinases that ultimately results in the stimulation of the cell cycle. Many ras oncogenes have a point mutation that leads to a hyperactive version of the Ras protein that can lead to excessive cell division.
• Inheritance of traits transmitted by mechanisms not directly involving the nucleotide sequence.
• stretch of DNA required for enzyme production that is comprised of a promoter, reppressor, operator, and structural genes
• A specific small molecule that inactivates the repressor in an operon.

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS3-1

Define euchromatin

• The state of genetic material in its loose form in the nucleus
• a tumor-suppressor gene that codes for a specific transcription factor that promotes the synthesis of cell cycle-inhibiting proteins
• The addition of methyl groups (—CH3) to bases of DNA after DNA synthesis; may serve as a long-term control of gene expression.
• This operon can be inhibited when a specific small molecule binds allosterically to a regulatory protein. Ex=trp operon is a negative gene regulation
• A protein that binds to DNA and stimulates transcription of a specific gene.

Define heterochromatin

• The state of genetic material and its fully condensed coils
• series of genes that controls the differentiation of cells and tissues in an embryo
• The attachment of acetyl groups to certain amino acids of histone proteins.
• A protein that binds to an operator and physically blocks RNA polymerase from binding to a promoter site
• Cancer-causing genes that are formed due to mutations

Define double helix

• The structure of DNA where two strands wrap around each other to form a long, twisted ladder
• Genes that code for proteins that monitor and check cell cycle progression. When these genes mutate, tumor suppressor proteins lose normal function
• unspecialized cells that retain the ability to become a wide variety of specialized cells
• usually off, but can be stimulated (induced) when a specific small molecule interacts with a regulatory protein (example lac operon)
• normal cellular genes that are important regulators of normal cellular processes, they promote growth. alterations in the expression of these cells result in oncogenes

Who are Watson & Crick?

• These two scientists were the first to define the structure of a DNA molecule
• Deoxyribonucleic acid; a double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule that determines the structure of proteins
• the structural adaptation of some body part for a particular function
• genes that code for the production of reppressors
• The development of body shape and organization.

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS1-1

NGSS.HS-LS3-1

Define nucleotide

• The monomers of nucleic acid; the repeated subunits of DNA molecules. Each contains a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
• These consist of DNA wrapped around proteins called histones; located in the nucleus
• In animals, a set of morphological and developmental traits that are integrated into a functional whole—the living animal.
• A series of genes in an E.Coli bacteria that code for proteins that digest lactose. These genes can be turned on or off.
• Inheritance of traits transmitted by mechanisms not directly involving the nucleotide sequence.

Define purine and give two examples

• A nucleotide with a double-ringed nitrogenous base; the two in DNA are adenine and guanine
• The state of genetic material in its loose form in the nucleus
• This gene codes for Ras protein, a G protein that relays a growth signal from a growth-factor receptor on the plasma membrane to a cascade of protein kinases that ultimately results in the stimulation of the cell cycle. Many ras oncogenes have a point mutation that leads to a hyperactive version of the Ras protein that can lead to excessive cell division.
• A specific small molecule that inactivates the repressor in an operon.
• The addition of methyl groups (—CH3) to bases of DNA after DNA synthesis; may serve as a long-term control of gene expression.

Define pyrimidine and give two examples

• A nucleotide with a single-ringed nitrogenous base; the two in DNA are cytosine and thymine
• The state of genetic material and its fully condensed coils
• a tumor-suppressor gene that codes for a specific transcription factor that promotes the synthesis of cell cycle-inhibiting proteins
• A protein that binds to DNA and stimulates transcription of a specific gene.
• The attachment of acetyl groups to certain amino acids of histone proteins.

Define dioxyribose

• The five-carbon sugar in a DNA nucleotide
• The structure of DNA where two strands wrap around each other to form a long, twisted ladder
• series of genes that controls the differentiation of cells and tissues in an embryo
• Cancer-causing genes that are formed due to mutations
• unspecialized cells that retain the ability to become a wide variety of specialized cells