MEM - 5b - Retrieval Failure (PQ)

According to Tulving and Thomson (1973), which of the following is most effective as a cue for memory?

• A) Present at the time of encoding

• B) Present at the time of retrieval

• D) None of the above

• C) Both A and B

What are meaningful cues in memory encoding?

• A) Information that is stored in a meaningful way

• B) Information that is not directly related to the encoded material

• C) Both A and B

• D) None of the above

Which of the following is an example of a non-meaningful cue?

• A) A song to help remember facts

• B) An acronym to remember a list of facts

• D) An image to help remember information

• C) Weather at the time of learning

What is the term used for forgetting influenced by an external cue?

• D) Retrieval failure

• C) Encoding specificity principle

• B) State-dependent forgetting

• A) Context-dependent forgetting

Which of these studies DID NOT show that recall was worse if in a different internal state and best if in the same internal state?

• B) Carter & Cassaday (1998)

• A) Godden & Baddeley (1975)

• D) Overton (1972)

• C) Baddeley & Hitch (1977)

What is a limitation of the explanation of context-dependent forgetting?

• D) Cues must be present at both encoding and retrieval

• C) The theory cannot be tested using rigorous scientific principles

• B) Interference can be both proactive and reactive

• A) The context needs to be very different for an effect on forgetting

Who criticised the 'myth of the encoding-retrieval match'?

• D) Baddeley

• A) Tulving and Thomson

• C) Overton

• B) Nairne

Which study showed that students recalled more information under congruent encoding/retrieval conditions?

• A) Godden & Baddeley (1975)

• B) Carter & Cassaday (1998)

• C) Grant (1998)

• D) Nairne (2002)

What are the two types of retrieval failure?

• Context-dependent forgetting

• Time-dependent forgetting

• State-dependent forgetting

• Emotion-dependent forgetting

Context-dependent forgetting is where memory retrieval is dependent on an ??? cues such as weather.