CHAPTER 3 - MEMORY

 ________ increases the likelihood of a behavior while _______ decreases the likelihood of a behavior 

• Reinforcement; punishment 

  
  

• Punishment; reinforcement 

  
  

• Unconditioned stimulus; conditioned stimulus

  
  

• Conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus

 Behaviors learned through which schedule is likely to be very resistant to extinction; It explains why gambling is such a hard behavior to shake because the next bet might be the “right one”

• 3. Fixed ratio

• 1. Variable ratio

• 1. Fixed interval 

• 1. Variable interval

These are neurons located in the frontal and parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex and fire both when an individual performs an action and when that individual observes someone else performing that action. These neurons thus play a key role in observational learning 

• 
  Motor neuron

• Mirror neuron

• Mimicry neuron

• Bipolar neuron

Participants are shown a graphic image for an extended period of time. Over time the participants initial reaction decreases. This describes

• Acquisition

• Generalization

• Habituation

• Dishabituation 

A group of lab mice are startled repeatedly with an auditory tone. After a couple hours the mice stop being startled by the tone. Suddenly, a novel loud tone is introduced, deviating from the familiar stimulus. What is the anticipated outcome?

• Increased startle response to the original auditory tone 

  
  

• Decreased startle response to the original auditory tone

  
  

• No change in response to the tone

  
  

• Positive reinforcement of the novel tone 

  
  

A dog swallows chocolate and has vomiting, and diarrhea. After that the dog will not eat any brown food or foods that are bar-shaped even if it is not chocolate. This is an example of

• Extinction

  
  

• Unconditioned response 

  
  

• Acquisition 

  
  

• Generalization 

  
  

In a psychology experiment, rats are placed in a maze. When a rat successfully navigates through the maze and reaches the end, it receives a small piece of cheese as a reward. This process is repeated over several trials.

What principle of operant conditioning is illustrated in this scenario?

• Negative reinforcement

  
  

• Positive punishment

• Positive reinforcement

  
  

• Extinction

  
  

A student is frequently late to class, and the teacher implements a strategy to address this behavior. The teacher decides that if the student arrives on time for an entire week, they will be excused from the end-of-week quiz. Which operant conditioning principle is demonstrated in this scenario?

•  Positive reinforcement

  
  

• Negative punishment

• Negative reinforcement

  
  

• Extinction

The leasing office applies an interest rate of 10% if you are a day late with their rent. This is an example of:

• Positive reinforcement because the leasing office makes 110%

  
  

• Negative reinforcement because the leasing office knows that the 10% interest fee will make you pay your bills on time 

  
  

• Positive punishment because the leasing office is adding a fee to reduce the incidence of late rent payments 

  
  

• Negative punishment because the leasing office is cutting into the grocery money 

  
  

A factory worker is paid a bonus for every 10 products they successfully assemble on an assembly line.

Question: Which reinforcement schedule is illustrated in this scenario?

• Fixed interval

  
  

• Variable ratio

  
  

• Fixed ratio

• Variable interval