Struggle for Independence

Peru, in addition to other regions of South America, (was/were) ruled by Spain from the 1530s until early in the nineteenth century.

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The famous Venezuelan Simón Bolívar, as well as the leaders José de San Martín and Antonio José de Sucre, (was/were) foremost in the fight for South American independence.

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Bolívar’s imagination and skills as a military tactician (remains/remain) highly regarded by historians today.

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This statesman and soldier (was/were) also the author of two great political tracts, El Manifesto de Cartagena (The Manifesto of Cartagena) and La Carta de Jamaica (The Letter from Jamaica).

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Napoleon Bonaparte’s European victories over Spain, in addition to the unrest in South America, (was/were) crucial in weakening Spain’s power around the globe.

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Between 1808 and 1819, many a devastating battle and dizzying shift of power (was/were) witnessed on the continent of South America.

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After neither the United States nor Great Britain (was/were) willing to provide military aid, Bolívar successfully appealed to Haiti in 1815 for money and weapons.

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Neither flooded flatlands nor ice-covered mountains (was/were) able to stop Bolívar’s army from ambushing and defeating the Spanish in New Granada in 1819.

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In later years, Colombia and Peru (was/were) ruled by a dictatorship imposed by the Liberator, as Simón Bolívar became known.

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Unfortunately, neither Bolívar’s parents nor his wife (was/were) alive to witness his triumphs.

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