Philosopher who inspired three branches, separation of powers.

• Baron de Montesquieu

• Thomas Hobbes

• John Locke

• Thomas Paine

Established a bicameral Congress.

• Article I

• Article II

• Article III

• Article V

Powers listed in the Constitution.

• enumerated

• concurrent

• implied

• cloture

Powers that are explicitly given to Congress.

• delegated

• concurrent

• implied

• cloture

Powers shared by national and state governments.

• enumerated

• delegated

• concurrent

• implied

Powers that are not listed in the Constitution but are seen as necessary for operation.

• enumerated

• delegated

• concurrent

• implied

This clause is also called "necessary and proper" because it extends the powers of Congress.

• commerce

• elastic

• double jeopardy

• general welfare

The president does not sign or reject a bill, he just lets it grow dust until the deadline (end of the session).

• executive filibuster

• apathetic commanding

• pocket veto

• lame duck

Presides over the Senate in the absence of the Vice President.

• Speaker of the House

• President Pro Tempore

• Majority Leader

• Minority Leader

Next in line in the Presidential Line of Succession after the Vice President.

• Majority Leader

• Secretary of State

• Speaker of the House

• President Pro Tempore