Early Brain Development Part 2

Developmental units of the ENTIRE nervous system with specific anatomic content are referred to as ___ and are dictated by ___ genes.

• neuroblasts, developmental

• rhombomeres, organizer

• neuromeres, homeobox

• neural crest cells, neural progenitor

An experimental animal develops with fetal abnormalities, specifically, the hemispheres of the forebrain do not have clear separation, and there are midline facial defects. Which condition does the experimental animal most likely have?

• Anencephaly

• Holoprosencephaly
• Cerebral palsy
• Spinal bifida

The following phrase best describes what? "A region, or group of cells in an embryo that can both induce (change the fate) and pattern (generate an organized set of structures) adjacent embryonic cells"

• Distributor
• Randomizer
• Organizer
• Disorganizer

A child is born with the condition represented in the following image. What is the underlying cause of this patient's condition?

• Folic acid deficiency

• Mutation of the SHH gene

• Viral infection during pregnancy
• Exposure to retinoic acid during pregnancy

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS3-2

A patient is born with Holoprosencephaly. What is the underlying cause of the patient's condition? Select all that apply:

• Excessive growth of the forebrain
• Deletions or missense mutations of the SHH gene.

• Abnormal development of the cerebellum
• Inflammation of the spinal cord
• Exposure to retinoic acid during embryonic development

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS3-2

The most common type of cancerous brain tumor in children:

• Astrocytomas

• Choroid plexus tumors

• Medulloblastoma
• Gliomas

Neuronal migration in the peripheral nervous system may involve various diffusible factors including:

• Hormones, growth factors, and extracellular matrix molecules

• Lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins
• Enzymes, antibodies, and antigens
• Hormones, neurotransmitters, and cytokines

A 2-year-old male was brought to the pediatric neurology clinic due to developmental delays and recurrent seizures. Neurological examination revealed significant hypotonia, poor head control, and absent deep tendon reflexes. Brain imaging results are as shown. What is the underlying pathophysiology?

• Reelin mutation resulting in disorderly gyri and sulci

• Excessive production of cerebrospinal fluid
• Either DCX or LIS1 Gene Mutation

• Loss of the submucosal and myenteric plexus

A newborn male was admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit with a history of failure to pass meconium and abdominal distension. Physical examination revealed a lack of bowel sounds and a palpable fecal mass in the lower abdomen. It is found that this patient's condition results from disrupted migration of enteric nervous system neurons. What is your diagnosis?

• Crohn's disease
• Ulcerative colitis
• Hirschsprung's disease
• Irritable bowel syndrome

A 32-year-old pregnant woman presented to the obstetrics clinic for a routine prenatal check-up at 20 weeks gestation. Ultrasonography revealed a fetus with a severe neural tube defect characterized by the absence of a significant portion of the skull and brain (see image). This condition is referred to as:

• Spina bifida

• Anencephaly
• Holoprosencephaly

• Microcephaly