Spaniards born in the Philippines. They are considered inferior Spaniards compared to those who were born in Spain.

This historian authored a Spanish language historical monograph entitled El Llegado de España a Filipinas, for which she received the Lone Prize awarded by the Il Congreso de Hispanistas de Filipinas in 1954.

• Encarnacion Alzona

• Garbriel Fabella

• Gregorio Zaide

• Nicholas Zafra

The following are tasks of historians, except for one.

• Historiansareneededtoexamineandinterpretpasteventsthroughtheskillstheyacquiredintrainingforhistoricalresearchandmethodology.

• Engagewiththepublicthrougheducationalprogramsandpresentations.

• Historiansdoesnotdecidewhatpartofthepastmakesittothecanonofhistory.

• Writereports,articles,andbooksonfindingsandtheories.

It is written exclusively in Spanish. Their intended audience was the sympathetic Spaniards, who they believed would help them with their cause by lobbying it to the Spanish government.

• Ilustrados Historiography

• Kasaysayan Historiography

• Spanish Historiography

• Katipunan Historiography

The following are the qualifications of a Historian, except for one.

• AHistorianissomeonewhocontinouslypursueshistoricalknowledge.

• TheHistorianproduceshistoricalknowledgethroughcontinuousandconstantpursuitofhistorcialknowledge.

• AbachelordegreeinthefieldofHistoryisrequiredtobecomeaHistorian.

• MembershipinProfessionalHistoricalAssociationinthePhilippinesisnotarequirement.

Challenged long-held assumptions by looking at the same documentary and foreign-originated primary sources and periodization of Philippines history with a different lens. This lens purported to reflect the struggle of the Filipinos under colonization.

• Bagong Kasaysayan Historiography

• Pantayong Pananaw Historiography

• Philippine Nationalist Historiography

• American Historiography

The perspective that prevailed among colonizers regarding our history as an archipelago is what we call the 'bipartite view'. This view divided the archipelago’s history into two general periods: darkness and light.

• Ilustrados Historiography

• Kasaysayan Historiography

• Spanish Historiography

• Katipunan Historiography

This historian undertook investigations and research into Philippine historical landmarks and personalities, both prominent and obscure, as well as prepared and wrote historical biographies, particularly of the members of the Malolos Congress, and the text of various historical markers.

• Encarnacion Alzona

• Garbriel Fabella

• Gregorio Zaide

• Nicholas Zafra

The following are the disadvantages of Historical Research, except for one.

• Limitations are imposed due to the contextual analysis.

• Availability of sources of historical materials may be problematic.

• Interpreting sources is very time consuming.

• There is lack of control over external variables.

This historian is known as the 'Dean of Filipino Historiographers.' He was one of the founders of the International Association of Historians of Asia (IAHA), and president of the Philippine Historical Association for three terms.

• Encarnacion Alzona

• Garbriel Fabella

• Gregorio Zaide

• Nicholas Zafra