What is a parameter in statistics?

• A numerical value for the sample

• A numerical value for the entire population

• A measure of dispersion

• A measure of central tendency

What does the confidence level represent in hypothesis testing?

• The strength of evidence against the null hypothesis

• The discrepancy between the sample statistic and the population parameter

• The number of times the true value falls within the confidence interval

• The probability of making a Type I error

What is the null hypothesis in hypothesis testing?

• Represents the default assumption or the absence of an effect

• Contradicts the null hypothesis and suggests the presence of an effect

• The discrepancy between the sample statistic and the population parameter

• The probability of making a Type I error

What is the purpose of the F-test for homogeneity of variances?

• To estimate the population parameter from sample statistics

• To calculate the confidence interval

• To determine which t-test is suitable for a given set of data

• To predict future occurrences

What does the p-value indicate in hypothesis testing?

• The probability of obtaining results as extreme as the observed data

• The discrepancy between the sample statistic and the population parameter

• The strength of evidence against the null hypothesis

• The probability of making a Type I error

When is a one-tailed test used in hypothesis testing?

• When the alternative hypothesis contradicts the null hypothesis

• When the sample size is small

• When the critical region has two parts

• When the direction of the effect is specified

What is the degree of freedom in statistics?

• The number of independent pieces of information available to estimate a statistical parameter

• The strength of evidence against the null hypothesis

• The discrepancy between the sample statistic and the population parameter

• The probability of making a Type I error

What is the consequence of committing a Type II error in hypothesis testing?

• The strength of evidence against the null hypothesis

• False positive

• Declaring that there is no significant difference when in fact there is

• The discrepancy between the sample statistic and the population parameter

What is the purpose of conducting a hypothesis test?

• To make generalizations about the population based on the sample

• To make inferences about the population based on sample data

• To predict some future occurrences

• To estimate population parameter from sample statistics

What is the level of significance used in most academic, social, and scientific studies?

• 0.20

• 0.01

• 0.05

• 0.10