Learning and Behavior Change

What is the main concept of classical conditioning?

• Genetic predisposition to certain behaviors

• Rewarding desirable behavior

• Association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

• Punishment for undesirable behavior

Give an example of classical conditioning in everyday life.

• When a person starts to cry at the sight or smell of their favorite food

• When a person starts to dance at the sight or smell of their favorite food

• When a person starts to sing at the sight or smell of their favorite food

• When a person starts to salivate at the sight or smell of their favorite food

What is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement in operant conditioning?

• Positive reinforcement adds an aversive stimulus, while negative reinforcement removes a desirable stimulus.

• Positive reinforcement adds a desirable stimulus, while negative reinforcement removes an aversive stimulus.

• Positive reinforcement adds an aversive stimulus, while negative reinforcement adds a desirable stimulus.

• Positive reinforcement removes an aversive stimulus, while negative reinforcement adds a desirable stimulus.

Explain the concept of shaping in operant conditioning.

• Shaping is the process of immediately rewarding the desired behavior.

• Shaping is the process of punishing unwanted behaviors.

• Shaping is the process of reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior.

• Shaping is the process of ignoring all behaviors except the desired one.

How do cognitive learning theories differ from behaviorist theories?

• Cognitive learning theories emphasize punishment, while behaviorist theories emphasize rewards.

• Cognitive learning theories ignore the role of memory, while behaviorist theories emphasize memory.

• Cognitive learning theories focus on internal mental processes, while behaviorist theories focus on observable behaviors and reinforcement.

• Cognitive learning theories focus on external behaviors, while behaviorist theories focus on internal mental processes.

Explain the concept of zone of proximal development in constructivist theories.

• The zone of proximal development is the range of tasks that a learner can perform independently without any help

• The zone of proximal development is the range of tasks that a learner can only perform with the help of a less knowledgeable other

• The zone of proximal development is the range of tasks that a learner can never perform, no matter how much help they receive

• The zone of proximal development is the range of tasks that a learner can perform with the help of a more knowledgeable other, but cannot yet perform independently.

What are the key principles of behaviorism?

• Focus on internal thoughts and feelings

• Focus on observable behavior, learning through interactions with the environment, and use of reinforcement and punishment

• Learning through genetic inheritance

• Use of punishment only

How do behaviorist theories approach behavior change?

• Through the use of magic and spells

• Through the use of astrology and horoscopes

• Through the use of reinforcement and punishment

• Through the use of meditation and mindfulness

Compare and contrast constructivist and behaviorist theories of learning.

• Behaviorist theory focuses on the learner's internal cognitive processes.

• Constructivist theory emphasizes the passive role of the learner in constructing their own understanding.

• Constructivist theory emphasizes the active role of the learner in constructing their own understanding.

• Behaviorist theory emphasizes the active role of the learner in constructing their own understanding.