A&P II

Comparing plasma to interstitial fluid:

• Na+ concentration is about 10 mM in plasma and interstitial fluid

• The concentration of dissolved proteins in plasma is ~7%, significantly higher than interstitial fluid

• The concentration of dissolved proteins is higher in interstitial fluid compared to plasma

• K+ is higher in plasma, about 140 mM, compared to interstitial fluid, about 10 mM

The amount of sugar in the blood is normally between 70 and 100 mg/dL. Which of these answers is consistent with this range?

• 9 g/100mL

• 0.9 g/dL

• 9 g/dL

• 900 mg/L

Formed elements of the blood consist of:

• electrolytes, nutrients, and organic wastes

• antibodies, metalloproteins, and lipoproteins

• red and white blood cells, and platelets

• albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen

What is the normal intracellular Na+ concentration?

• 10 mM

• 10

• 140 mM

• 5 mM

What is true about the size and shape of a red blood cell?

• Red blood cells are tiny, maybe 4 Aum in diameter, so that gases like oxygen are always close to the plasma membrane

• Red blood cells are roughly 8 Aum from side to side, and are shaped as a biconcave disc. This means that hemoglobin is close to the plasma membrane facilitating diffusion of gas molecules to and from tissues

• Red blood cells are roughly 8 Aum from side to side, and are shaped as a biconcave disc. This means that hemoglobin is close to the plasma membrane facilitating diffusion of salt, glucose, and metabolic substances to and from tissues

• Red blood cells are roughly 8 Aum in diameter and are round. This maximizes the amount of hemoglobin that is carried which contributes to gas transport

1. 1. The fluid outside of cells, including interstitial fluid and plasma: ​

2. 2. Fluid outside of cells but NOT plasma: ​

3. 3. Extracellular Na+ greater than 145 mM: ​

4. 4. Any solution that makes cells shrink: ​ ​

• 1. hypernatremia

  2. extracellular fluid

  3. hypertonic

  4. interstitial fluid

• 1. interstitial fluid

  2. hypertonic

  3. extracellular fluid

  4. hypernatremia

• 1. extracellular fluid

  2. interstitial fluid

  3. hypernatremia

  4. hypertonic

• 1. hypertonic

  2. hypernatremia

  3. interstitial fluid

  4. extracellular fluid

How much NaCl is required to make 1 L of 140 mM solution? Please give your answer in mol and g.

• 0.14 mmol/8.12 mg

• 140 mmol/8.12 g

• 56 g. 140 mmol.

• 140 mol. 8.12 kg.

Put the volumes in order from SMALLEST to LARGEST

​ 100 L ​ L ​ mL ​ uL ​ dL

• 43521

• 45231

• 25341

• 12345

• 35124

Jennifer told us that she gives her cat subcutaneous injections to help with dehydration. What do you predict the composition of the injections to be, and why?

• My best guess is that it has high Na+, K+, Ca2+. All of these are electrolytes and electrolytes are decreased during dehydration.

• Since the cat is dehydrated it's most likely sterile water, similar to what we drink when we are dehydrated.

• I suspect it's a high K+ solution because K+ is so important. That is what we worry about most when a person is dehydrated.

• The injection is probably most like extracellular fluid, like a person would get for dehydration. For example, saline, a 140 mM NaCl solution. It may also contain some K+, maybe 5 mM, and Ca2+, around 2 mM.

During asthma minor irrational can result in airway constriction. What is the consequence of this? What is the bodies response?

• Airway constriction reduces blood flow because airway resistance is increased. The response is to generate more force by the heart to generate more pulmonary blood flow.

• Airway constriction increases the flux of air during breathing, meaning the air moves much faster. The response is to decrease respirator rate to reduce air flux.

• Airway constriction reduces flux, flow, and driving force all while increasing resistance. The response is to increase flux, flow, and driving force.

• Airway constriction reduces airflow because airway resistance is increased. The response is to generate more force, try to maintain airflow.