A fixed-action pattern:

is a sequence of behaviors that occur in a rigid order

will stop immediately if the behavior is not appropriate for the situation

is a pattern of behavior that is learned from watching other animals

will allow an animal to get closer to their goal

In comparison to a quieter noise, a loud noise will be ________ to habituate to.

easier, unless the response is an innate behavior

The Rescorla–Wagner model predicts that in a series of trials where a CS is paired with a US, the rate of change in associative strength per trial will be __________.

greatest on the first few trials

greatest on the last few trials

greatest in the middle of training

What did Ebbinghaus' study on memory retention reveal?

Spacing out review materials slows the forgetting curve

Overlearning has no impact on memory retention

Contiguity principle of association is not relevant for memory retention

Forgetting curve is not affected by the timing of review

Neurons are best described as

nerve cells that function as the building blocks of the nervous system

positively charged sodium and potassium ions

chemical molecules that cross the synaptic gap

molecules that travel through the bloodstream

What is the function of dendrites in a neuron?

receive signals from previous neurons

release neurotransmitters into the synapse

complete normal cellular functioning

send signals to the next neuron

Which of the following will guarantee the beginning of an action potential?

The base of the axon reaches a certain, threshold voltage

Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on a dendrite

An electrical impulse from the dendrites reaches the cell body

Neurotransmitters are released from the end of the axon

_______ involves growth of entirely new neurons, whereas ________ involves growing new dendrites and axon terminals on already-present neurons.

Neurogenesis; structural plasticity

Long-term potentiation; structural plasticity

Neurogenesis; long-term potentation

Structural plasticity; long-term potentiation

What happens when the action potential reaches the axon terminals?

It triggers the release of neurotransmitters into the synapse

It stops the neural signal from traveling further

It causes the neuron to become more negative

It triggers the release of hormones into the bloodstream

Eibl-Eibesfeldt (1975) raised a squirrel in a lab. It was given a liquid diet and had no exposure to other animals. What did the squirrel do the first time it was given a nut?

It tried to bury the nut using the same behavior pattern that other squirrels use

It dropped it because it was unfamiliar

It ate the nut and did not go through the nut-burying ritual squirrels typically portray

It did not eat the nut until it saw other squirrels eating them in the wild

How do twin studies demonstrate that some behaviors are not being entirely based on experience?

For some behaviors, identical twins are more similar to each other than fraternal twins

For some behaviors, fraternal twins are more similar to each other than identical twins

For some behaviors, identical and fraternal twins are more similar to each other than other pairs of siblings

Evolutionarily speaking, twins should not exist

To support the theory that language is an innate human ability, researchers have shown that:

All of the other options are true

a specific part of the human brain is essential for speech

human languages throughout the world have certain features in common

humans in isolated culture still have developed some sort of language

Which of the following would it be MOST difficult to habituate an animal to?

Getting their blood drawn with a needle

Poking them in the side with a finger

A loud alarm you had habituated them to a month ago but they have not heard since

All of the other options will be equally difficult to habituate an animal to

You go down the stairs to your basement to do laundry but you end up falling down the stairs and breaking your ankle. Now, you make your roommate do the laundry because you are too scared to go down to the basement. What timing schedule is demonstrated in this example?

none of the other options are correct, as this is not classical conditioning

Which of the following provides evidence that not all behaviors are learned?

Almost all cultures have some form of marriage

Fraternal twins are more similar in personality traits than other siblings

Isolated African cultures do not have any understanding of math

Squirrels raised in laboratories do not hibernate when exposed to cold temperatures and dark rooms

What is the key difference between behaviorist and cognitive approaches to psychology?

behavioral theories would not discuss any internal mental processes whereas cognitive theories would consider mental processes

behavioral theories must be based on experimental evidence whereas cognitive theories are mostly based on survey data

behavioral theories can only apply to animal learning whereas cognitive theories only apply to humans

behavioral theories only cover observable behaviors whereas cognitive theories are only interested in neural mechanisms of learning

In a classical conditioning paradigm, how is it demonstrated that classical conditioning has indeed occurred?

the CS leads to a CR without the presence of the US

the US leads to a CR without the presence of the CS

the UR and CR become distinguishable from one another

Which of the following provides evidence AGAINST Pavlov's stimulus substitution theory

the UR and CR are not always exactly the same

the animal is expectant when the CS is presented

Researchers working with Aplysia paired touching the animal’s siphon with an electric shock, which led to the gill withdrawal reflex becoming stronger over time. What happened neurally during this classical conditioning?

increased release of neurotransmitters from the sensory neuron

decreased release of neurotransmitters from the sensory neuron

increased release of neurotransmitters from the motor neuron

decreased release of neurotransmitters from the motor neuron

In the phenomenon of overshadowing , a CS fails to acquire much excitatory strength because:

it is presented with another very strong CS

it has previously undergone habituation

it is paired with a very strong US

it is simply too weak a stimulus to be conditioned

Physiological studies of eyeblink conditioning in rabbits have found that

responses to the CS and the US are controlled by two different pathways in the brain

responses to the CS and the US are controlled by the same neural pathways in the brain

any lesion that abolishes the CS-CR connection also abolishes the US-UR connection

conditioning is controlled by the spinal cord, not the brain

PSY 331 - 2/19 - Exam 1 review

Authored by Sarah Myers

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37 questions

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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

2 mins • 1 pt

What timing schedule was used for the 1st video?

Short-delay

Simultaneous

Backward

Long-delay

Trace

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

2 mins • 1 pt

What timing schedule was used for the 2nd video?

Short-delay

Simultaneous

Backward

Long-delay

Trace

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

2 mins • 1 pt

What timing schedule was used for the 3rd video?

Short-delay

Simultaneous

Backward

Long-delay

Trace

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

2 mins • 1 pt

What timing schedule was used for the 4th video?

Short-delay

Simultaneous

Backward

Long-delay

Trace

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

2 mins • 1 pt

What timing schedule was used for the 5th video?

Short-delay

Simultaneous

Backward

Long-delay

Trace

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

2 mins • 1 pt

Which of the following would behaviorists be LEAST likely to focus on?

smiling

thinking

eating

fighting

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

2 mins • 1 pt

A neuron’s transmitter is released from its

cell body

axon terminals

dendrites

nucleus

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PSY 331 - 2/19 - Exam 1 review

What timing schedule was used for the 1st video?

What timing schedule was used for the 2nd video?

What timing schedule was used for the 3rd video?

What timing schedule was used for the 4th video?

What timing schedule was used for the 5th video?

Which of the following would behaviorists be LEAST likely to focus on?

A neuron’s transmitter is released from its

A fixed-action pattern:

In eyeblink conditioning, a tone is paired with a puff of air to the eye, which causes the animal to blink. In this example, the puff of air is the ________.

In comparison to a quieter noise, a loud noise will be ________ to habituate to.

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