surveying

It is the art and science of determining angular and linear measurements to establish the form, extent, and relative position of points, lines, and areas on or near the surface of the earth or on other extraterrestrial bodies through applied mathematics and the use of specialized equipment and techniques.

is the type of surveying in which the earth is considered to be flat surface, and where distances and areas involved are of limited extent that the exact shape of the earth is disregarded.

are surveys of wide extent which take into account the spheroidal shape of the earth.These surveys employ principles of geodesy, are of high precision, and the related calculations involve the solving of equations derived from advanced mathematics particularly spherical trigonometry,calculus, and some applications of theory of least squares.

are usually closed surveys which are undertaken in urban and rural locations for the purpose of determining and defining property lines and boundaries, corners, annd areas.These surveys are also made to fix the boundaries of municipalities,towns and provincial jurisdictions.

are surveys of the areas in and near a city for the purpose of planning expansions or improvements,locating property lines, fixing reference monuments,determining the physical features and configuration of the land, amd preparing maps.

these are surveys which are undertaken at a construction site to provide data regarding grades,reference lines, dimensions, ground configuration, and the location and elevation of structures which are of concern to engineers, architects, and builders.

a type of survey executed in connection with forest management and mensuration, and the production and conservation of forest lands.

refer to surveying stream,lakes,reservoirs,harbor,oceans, and other bodies of water.These surveys are made to map shore lines, chart the shape of areas underlying water surfaces, and measure the flow of streams.

sometimes known as optical tooling. It refers to the use of surveying techniques in ship building, construction and assembly of aircraft, laying-out and installation of heavy and complex machinery, and in other industries where very accurate dimensional layouts are required.

are surveys which are performed to determine the position of all underground excavations and surface mine sturctures, to fix surface boundaries of mining claims, determine geological formations,to calculate excavated volumes, and establish lines and grades for other related mining work.