Research Methods Final Exam Review

What does it mean to say that research results are probablistic?

• If there are exceptions to a research result, it means the theory is probably incorrect

• Research conclusion explain a certain proportion of possible cases but may not explain all

• Research predicts all possibles results

• Researchers refer to the probability that their theories are correct

As a true empiricist, one should:

• Base one’s conclusions on direct observations.

• Strive to prove all theories with research.

• Be sure that one’s research can be applied in a real-world setting.

• Discuss one's ideas in a public setting, such as on social media

Which of the following jobs most likely involves producer-of-research skills rather than consume?

• Police Officer

• University Professor

• Physician

• Journalist

After two students from his school commit arson, Marcelino concludes that the most likely cause of teen incarceration is arson. (Not true) What bias is present here?

• Bias Blind Spot

• Confirmation Bias

• Present/Present Bias

• Availability Heuristic

Which of the following variables are manipulated, rather than measured?

• Number of shoes owned, in pairs

• A person's height

• Amount of aspirin a researcher gives a person to take, either 325 mg or 500 mg

• Type of praise a researcher uses in groups of dogs: verbals praise or a clicking sounds paired with treats

Which of the following headlines is a causal claim?

• Taking a Deep Breath May Help Minimize High Blood Pressure

• Younger People Can't Read Emotions on Wrinkled Faces

• Strange But True: Babies Born in the Autumn Are More Likely to Live to 100

• Check the Baby! Many New Moms Show SIgns of OCD

In most experiments, trade-offs are made between validities because it is not possible to achieve all four at once. What is the most common trade-off?

• External and statistical validity

• Statistical and interval validity

• Internal and external validity

• Construct and statistical validity

How well the variables were measured or manipulated evaluates which kind of validity?

• Construct

• Statistical

• Internal

• External

In a study of a new drug for asthma, a researcher finds that the group receiving the drug is doing much better than the control group, whose members are receiving a placebo. Which principle of the Belmont Report requires the researcher to also give the control group the opportunity to receive the new drug?

• Respect for Persons

• Informed Consent

• Justice

• Beneficence

Known-groups paradigm refers to which type of construct validity?

• Discriminant

• Convergent

• Construct

• Criterion