Cell Signaling Receptors

What is the main signaling mechanism of G-protein coupled receptors?

• Activation of tyrosine kinase receptors

• Activation of G-proteins

• Inhibition of G-proteins

• Activation of ion channels

Name one example of a receptor tyrosine kinase.

• Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)

• Platelet-derived growth factor receptor

• Insulin receptor

• Glucagon receptor

How do enzyme-linked receptors transmit signals into the cell?

• By inhibiting the production of ATP

• By directly entering the cell nucleus

• By binding with a ligand and activating the receptor's enzymatic activity

• By releasing neurotransmitters to neighboring cells

What are the key components of the rho signaling pathway?

• ATP, DNA, RNA, and lipids

• Calcium, potassium, sodium, and chloride ions

• Hormones, neurotransmitters, cytokines, and growth factors

• Rho GTPases, GEFs, GAPs, and downstream effector proteins

What is the function of ras in cell signaling?

• Ras functions to produce energy in the form of ATP

• Ras functions to transmit signals from cell surface receptors to the nucleus, ultimately influencing gene expression and cell behavior.

• Ras functions to maintain the structure of the cell membrane

• Ras functions to regulate blood pressure in the body

How does IP3 contribute to cell signaling?

• IP3 contributes to cell signaling by inhibiting the release of calcium ions from the endoplasmic reticulum.

• IP3 contributes to cell signaling by promoting the breakdown of glucose in the cytoplasm.

• IP3 contributes to cell signaling by increasing the production of ATP in the mitochondria.

• IP3 contributes to cell signaling by triggering the release of calcium ions from the endoplasmic reticulum.

What is the role of DAG in cell signaling?

• DAG inhibits protein kinase C in cell signaling.

• DAG has no role in cell signaling.

• DAG acts as a second messenger to activate protein kinase C in cell signaling.

• DAG activates adenylyl cyclase in cell signaling.

What is the significance of calcium ions in cell signaling?

• Calcium ions act as second messengers in cell signaling.

• Calcium ions play a role in DNA replication

• Calcium ions are only found in plant cells

• Calcium ions are not involved in any cellular processes

Compare and contrast G-protein coupled receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases in terms of their structure and function.

• G-protein coupled receptors have seven transmembrane domains and primarily use G-proteins to transmit signals, while receptor tyrosine kinases have an extracellular ligand-binding domain and an intracellular kinase domain, and directly phosphorylate tyrosine residues to initiate signaling cascades.

• G-protein coupled receptors have an extracellular ligand-binding domain and primarily use G-proteins to transmit signals, while receptor tyrosine kinases have an intracellular ligand-binding domain and an extracellular kinase domain.

• G-protein coupled receptors have an intracellular ligand-binding domain and primarily use G-proteins to transmit signals, while receptor tyrosine kinases have an extracellular kinase domain and an intracellular ligand-binding domain.

• G-protein coupled receptors have an intracellular kinase domain and primarily use G-proteins to transmit signals, while receptor tyrosine kinases have an extracellular ligand-binding domain and an intracellular kinase domain.

Explain the process of signal transduction through an enzyme-linked receptor.

• The process of signal transduction through an enzyme-linked receptor does not lead to a cellular response.

• Signal transduction through an enzyme-linked receptor does not involve phosphorylation of tyrosine residues.

• The process of signal transduction through an enzyme-linked receptor involves ligand binding, conformational change, activation of intracellular kinase domain, phosphorylation of tyrosine residues, and initiation of a signaling cascade leading to a cellular response.

• The process of signal transduction through an enzyme-linked receptor involves ligand binding, conformational change, and activation of extracellular kinase domain.