AP Natural Selection

Population genetics is the study of what?

• How selective forces change the allele frequencies in a population over time.

• The genetic basis of genetic traits within individuals.

• Whether traits have a genetic basis.

• The degree of inbreeding in a population.

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The allele frequency in a population is the proportion of what?

• A specific allele within a population, relative to all other alleles of that gene that are present in the population.

• The total number of alleles in a population.

• The number of dominant alleles compared to recessive alleles.

• The genetic diversity within a given population.

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What can cause the allele frequency within a population to change?

• Changes in environmental factors and natural selection.

• The introduction of new alleles by mutation only.

• The elimination of alleles by genetic drift only.

• The degree of inbreeding within the population.

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Who were the scientists that stated the principle of equilibrium to describe the genetic makeup of a population?

• Charles Darwin and Gregor Mendel

• Godfrey Hardy and Wilhelm Weinberg

• James Watson and Francis Crick

• Alfred Russel Wallace and Thomas Huxley

According to the Hardy-Weinberg principle of equilibrium, what conditions are assumed for the allele and genotype frequencies to remain inherently stable?

• Conditions with mutations, migration, emigration, or selective pressure

• Conditions with no mutations, no migration, no emigration, and no selective pressure

• Conditions with only natural selection and genetic drift

• Conditions with frequent mutations and genetic drift

What is the term used to describe the change in allele frequencies at a much faster rate in an isolated part of the population, which is not typical of the original population?

• Natural selection

• Genetic drift

• Founder effect

• Bottleneck effect

What are polymorphisms in the context of population genetics?

• The distribution of phenotypes among individuals

• The natural selection process that favors certain genotypes

• The chance occurrence of individuals having more offspring than others

• The physical barrier that separates populations

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Which factor is NOT a source of phenotypic variation important for determining how a population will evolve?

• Population’s genetic structure

• Environmental conditions

• Individual’s learning abilities

• Population variation

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What can increase genetic drift in small and isolated populations?

• High mutation rates

• Large population size

• Natural events, such as wildfires or hurricanes

• Nonrandom mating

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What is the founder effect?

• The process by which natural selection favors certain genotypes

• The effect of nonrandom mating on allele frequencies

• The genetic drift that occurs when a new population is started by a small number of individuals

• The bottleneck effect that reduces genetic variation within a population