Which of the following best describes César Chávez' view on the use of violence versus nonviolence?

“If we resort to violence then one of two things will happen: either the violence will be escalated and there will be many

injuries and perhaps deaths on both sides, or there will be total demoralization of the workers.

“Nonviolence has exactly the opposite effect. If, for every violent act committed against us, we respond with nonviolence,

we attract people’s support. We can gather the support of millions who have a conscience and would rather see a

nonviolent resolution to problems. We are convinced that when people are faced with a direct appeal from the poor

struggling nonviolently against great odds, they will react positively. The American people and people everywhere still

yearn for justice. It is to that yearning that we appeal.

“. . . When victory comes through violence, it is a victory with strings attached. If we beat the growers at the expense of

violence, victory would come at the expense of injury and perhaps death. Such a thing would have a tremendous impact

on us. We would lose regard for human beings. Then the struggle would become a mechanical thing. When you lose your

sense of life and justice, you lose your strength.”

César Chávez, “He Showed Us the Way,” 1978

Which of the following best describes César Chávez' view on the use of violence versus nonviolence?

• The use of violence should be the primary tactic as it will address the feelings of frustration and anger throughout the movement.

• The use of violence will motivate the American people as people everywhere still yearn for justice.

• The use of nonviolent actions, such as demonstrations and marches, does not bring honor to the cause and will negatively impact the movement.

• The use of nonviolent actions allows more people to be involved in the movement and effect change.

The data in the table provide clear evidence that

• Republicans were increasingly likely to defect from their party’s candidate

• the vote in the Midwest predicted the outcome rather consistently

• the East has become a Republican stronghold

• voters under the age of 30 were more likely than older voters to support the Democratic candidate

• nonwhite voters showed no preference for one party over another

The concept of realignment refers to changes in

• the United States system of international alliances

• the social bases of the parties’ voting support

• the media’s criticism of the president and Congress

• spending priorities in the federal budget

• the rate of voter participation

Which of the following is the most accurate statement about political parties in the United States?

• Parties increasingly identify themselves with coherent ideologies to attract large blocs of voters.

• The percentage of voters identifying themselves as either Democrats or Republicans has been declining since the 1970's.

• National party organizations are generally the strongest party organizations.

• It is increasingly difficult for third parties to gain more than two percent of the popular vote.

• Most candidates prefer to run as independents rather than as Democrats or Republicans.

An interest group is most likely to have influence in Congress when the issue at stake

• is narrow in scope and low in public visibility

• is part of the president’s legislative package

• has been dramatized by the media

• engages legislators’ deeply held convictions

• divides legislators along party lines

Interest groups and political parties both promote United States democracy by

• expressing detailed, ideologically distinct programs

• centralizing public authority

• linking citizens to the political process

• increasing domination of the political process by elites

• lobbying members of Congress

Which of the following scenarios depicts the concept of an iron triangle?

• A well-funded PAC and professional campaign consultants meet with congressional Democrats to discuss strategy and campaign spending for the upcoming election.

• A group of citizens mobilize to conduct a letter-writing campaign, voter registration drive, and public rally in an attempt to influence the policy decisions of lawmakers.

• Lobbyists from the energy industry provide information to the Department of Energy before the department head testifies before the Energy and Commerce Committee in the House of Representatives.

• A former member of Congress decides not to run for reelection and instead accepts a job as a corporate lobbyist.

The most common form of political activity undertaken by United States citizens is

• lobbying to influence decisions by public officials

• campaigning for candidates for office

• contributing money to a political party

• voting in local elections

• voting in political elections