Hazardous Environments

What characteristic of volcanic eruptions contributes to their potentially greater impact compared to earthquakes?

• Their frequency of occurrence

• The magnitude of seismic activity associated with eruptions

• The potential for widespread ash and gas emissions

• Their predictable nature

How do volcanic eruptions differ from earthquakes in terms of duration?

• Volcanic eruptions typically last for shorter durations than earthquakes.

• Volcanic eruptions and earthquakes have similar durations.

• Volcanic eruptions can last for days, weeks, or even months, whereas earthquakes are generally brief events.

• The duration of volcanic eruptions depends on the tectonic setting, while earthquakes are uniformly brief.

What aspect of volcanic eruptions often results in more significant socio-economic impacts compared to earthquakes?

• Their occurrence predominantly in remote areas

• The formation of new landforms beneficial for agriculture

• The destruction of infrastructure due to lava flows and ash deposition

• Their occurrence primarily along plate boundaries

How do volcanic hazards like lahars and pyroclastic flows differ from seismic hazards associated with earthquakes?

• Volcanic hazards are less predictable than seismic hazards.

• Volcanic hazards primarily affect coastal areas, while seismic hazards occur inland.

• Volcanic hazards involve fast-moving flows of debris, while seismic hazards primarily involve ground shaking.

• Volcanic hazards occur in regions with low population density, whereas seismic hazards occur in densely populated areas.

What environmental impact of volcanic eruptions distinguishes them from earthquakes?

• Volcanic eruptions lead to significant changes in ocean currents and weather patterns.

• Volcanic eruptions release greenhouse gases, contributing to climate change.

• Volcanic eruptions cause landslides and tsunamis, affecting coastal regions.

• Volcanic eruptions result in the formation of new fault lines, increasing earthquake risk.

What presents a significant challenge in preparing for mass movement hazards such as landslides and avalanches?

• Predicting the exact timing and location of the events

• Implementing effective evacuation procedures

• Securing funding for mitigation measures

• Mobilizing emergency response teams

What complicates early warning systems for mass movement hazards?

• Limited technological advancements

• High costs associated with monitoring equipment

• Difficulty in differentiating between normal terrain movements and potential hazards

• Lack of public awareness about the risks involved

What aspect of mass movement hazards makes infrastructure protection challenging?

• The high frequency of events

• The slow-moving nature of most mass movements

• The unpredictability of their occurrence

• The extensive damage they can cause to infrastructure

Why can land-use planning be problematic in mitigating mass movement hazards?

• Limited availability of suitable land for development

• Inadequate enforcement of zoning regulations

• Lack of expertise among urban planners

• High costs associated with relocating vulnerable communities

What factors can trigger mass movement hazards such as landslides and rockfalls?

• Sudden increase in atmospheric pressure

• Heavy rainfall, earthquakes, and volcanic activity

• Decrease in temperature and humidity

• Urbanization and industrialization