EPPP Quiz 2 (3/6)

When excellent performance on one measure can offset poor performance on another measure, which of the following techniques would be most useful for combining test scores?

•  multiple regression 

• multiple cutoff

• multiple hurdle

• multiple baseline

Answer explanation

Correct: Multiple regression is a compensatory technique for combining test scores since a low score on one test can be offset (compensated for) by high scores on other tests.

Incorrect:

Multiple cutoff and multiple hurdle are both noncompensatory techniques.

Multiple Baseline refers to a research design, not a method for combining test scores.

The use of implosive therapy is based on the assumption that:

• pairing stimuli associated with an undesirable response with a stimulus that produces a more adaptive response will result in elimination of the undesirable response

•  consistently withholding reinforcement from an undesirable conditioned response will eventually result in extinction of that response

• repeatedly presenting stimuli associated with an undesirable conditioned response without the unconditioned stimulus will eventually result in extinction of that response

• consistently applying an aversive (unconditioned) stimulus following an undesirable conditioned response will eventually eliminate that response

Answer explanation

Implosive therapy is used to treat phobic responses and involves repeatedly presenting the feared stimulus (conditioned stimulus) in imagination without the unconditioned stimulus so that the feared stimulus no longer produces an anxiety response. It also incorporates psychodynamic principles by embellishing the imagined images with psychodynamic themes. Additional information about implosive therapy is provided in the Learning Theory chapter of the written study materials

Which of the following occupational themes is most dissimilar to Holland's social theme?

• enterprising

• realistic

• conventional

• investigative

Answer explanation

The social theme is directly opposite the realistic theme in Holland's hexagon, which indicates that the realistic theme is most unlike the social theme.

 ________ was among the first researchers to propose the existence of a neural circuit that mediates the experience and expression of emotion.

• Sperry

• Fechner

• Papez

• Penfield

Answer explanation

Correct: Papez concluded that destruction of certain interconnected regions in the brain has an adverse impact on emotional experience and expression. These regions include the mammillary bodies, anterior thalamus, cingulate cortex, hippocampus, and fornix.

Incorrect:

Sperry conducted research on split-brain patients

Fechner developed Fechner's Law, which is one of several laws used to explain the relationship between sensation and perception

Penfield found that stimulation of certain brain areas produced movements, while stimulation of other areas produced certain sensations

For the assessment of Huntington's disease, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is:

• not useful because it is not sufficiently sensitive to detect the brain anomalies associated with this disorder

• not useful because it provides information only on brain morphology, which is not helpful for assessing this disorder

• useful for distinguishing between active and older inactive plaques in the periventricular regions

• useful for detecting volume reduction in the basal ganglia, even in some asymptomatic individuals

Answer explanation

Knowing that Huntington's disease is caused by abnormalities in the basal ganglia would have helped you identify the correct answer to this question.

Structural and functional brain imaging techniques have both been used to assess brain pathology related to Huntington's disease. There is evidence that MRI (a structural technique) can identify reduced volume in the basal ganglia among genetically at-risk individuals who have not yet exhibited overt symptoms of the disorder

A solution-focused therapist is working with a husband and wife whose conversations frequently escalate to bitter fights. The therapist will most likely:

• reduce tension during therapy sessions by having the husband and wife talk directly to her rather than to each other

• instruct the couple to take a ten-minute "time-out" whenever they begin to argue at home

• ask the couple if they can remember a time when they were able to talk for an extended period without arguing

• ask the couple what rewards they derive from arguing

Answer explanation

Solution-focused therapists use "exceptions" to help identify solutions to a client's problems. An exception is a time when the problem did not exist or existed in a less intense form.

According to ____________, symbolic play offers young children opportunities to engage in activities that are developmentally more advanced than they could successfully perform in reality on their own.

• J.H. Flavell

• E. Gibson

• L. Vygotsky

• J. Piaget

Answer explanation

CORRECT For Vygotsky, symbolic play provides a "zone of proximal development" that enables a child to practice behaviors in a situation that requires less precision and accuracy than would be required in reality.

Incorrect:  

Flavell is probably best known for his research on children's ability to distinguish between appearance and reality.

 Eleanor and James Gibson are best known for their research on perceptual development in infants.

Piaget viewed symbolic play as an opportunity to practice representational schemes

Feature-integration theory (Treisman & Gelade, 1980) would be of most interest to a researcher who is investigating:

• focused auditory attention

• focused visual attention

• divided attention

• selective attention

Answer explanation

According to Treisman and Gelade (1980), focused visual attention is necessary to perceive objects as objects rather than as a collection of unrelated features. Additional information about feature-integration theory is provided in the Learning Theory chapter of the written study materials.

Research has found that our self-image remains relatively stable due, in part, to the fact that we seek, elicit, and remember information that confirms our beliefs about ourselves. This finding is predicted by which of the following?

• constancy bias

• self-serving bias

• false consensus bias

• confirmation bias

Answer explanation

This tendency is referred to as the confirmation (confirmatory) bias. The correct answer is: confirmation bias

Incorrect:

The self-serving bias is the tendency to take credit for our successes but blame external factors for our failures.

The false consensus bias is the tendency to overestimate the degree to which

Constancy bias is made up (lol)

Learning a sequence of operant responses that each act as a secondary reinforcer and that eventually end in a primary reinforcer is known as:

• shaping

• chaining

• differential reinforcement

• classical conditioning

Answer explanation

To answer this question, you must recognize that the procedure described is a type of operant conditioning (the term "reinforcer" is a clue) and be familiar with the various operant conditioning techniques. If you are unfamiliar with chaining (the correct answer), perhaps you could have chosen it as the correct answer though a process of elimination.

Chaining, which is believed to account for the acquisition of complex behaviors, involves the association of responses such that each response acts as a secondary reinforcer and as a discriminative stimulus for the following response. The final reinforcer (the reinforcer that is delivered at the end of the "chain") is a primary reinforcer.