Memory - forgetting

Imagine Eleasha is studying for her final exams but finds it hard to remember the information she studied last week. What could be the main explanations for this forgetting?

• Proactive interference from earlier learning, retroactive interference from new learning, and retrieval failure due to absence of cues

• Encoding failure, storage decay, and retrieval failure

• Sensory memory failure, short-term memory overload, and long-term memory erasure

• Attention lapses, brain injury, and age-related decline

Imagine Ellie has been using the same password for her email for years. Recently, she decided to update it for security reasons. A week later, when trying to log in, Ellie finds herself automatically typing the old password. What does this scenario best illustrate?

• A lack of attention during the encoding process of the new password

• The new password blocking the recall of the old password

• The physical decay of memory traces of the old password in the brain

• Old information (the old password) interfering with the learning of new information (the new password)

Imagine Lauren and Amelia studying for finals after a semester filled with learning. According to Keppel & Underwood (1962), what was the effect of proactive interference on their long-term memory (LTM)?

• It interfered with their memory for new study materials

• It improved their memory recall

• It had no significant effect

• It enhanced the learning of new information

When does retroactive interference occur in a real-world scenario?

• When learning a new phone number prevents Ellie from remembering an old one

• When Liz cannot recall where she parked her car because specific landmarks are missing

• When trying to remember Amy's old address is made difficult after learning their new address

• When Leah is unable to recall a memory because she is distracted by loud noises

What did Baddeley & Hitch (1977) conclude from their study on rugby players, as discussed in a study group with Zach and Millie?

• Physical activity improves long-term memory recall

• Memory recall was unaffected by the number of games played

• Retroactive interference caused players to forget more games

• Proactive interference was the main cause of forgetting

Imagine Chloe is trying to remember where she left her keys. According to Tulving and Thomson (1973), which principle explains why recalling the context of when she last saw them helps?

• The principle of cognitive overload

• The decay theory of forgetting

• The principle of interference

• The encoding specificity principle

Imagine Lilly can't recall where she left her keys because she's not in the usual context where she uses them. What type of forgetting is this?

• Context-dependent forgetting

• State-dependent forgetting

• Interference-based forgetting

• Both context-dependent and state-dependent forgetting

What did Godden & Baddeley (1975) find about contextual cues and recall when comparing divers learning words on land versus underwater, similar to an experiment Molly and Lauren were curious about?

• Learning words underwater significantly impairs memory recall compared to on land

• Changing the learning environment from land to underwater always improves recall

• Memory for words was better when the learning and recall environments were the same (either both on land or both underwater)

• Contextual cues had no effect on recall whether learning took place on land or underwater

Imagine Olivia studied for her exams while listening to classical music, but during the exam, there's complete silence. What does this scenario best illustrate?

• Forgetting due to the physical state of the brain

• Forgetting when the emotional or physiological state at encoding and recall do not match

• Forgetting caused by a change in environmental context

• Memory loss due to psychological stress

What criticism is directed towards interference research, as discussed by Ayisha and Makayla?

• It has high ecological validity

• It only applies to sensory memory

• It is often criticized for being artificial and lacking ecological validity

• It explains all types of forgetting effectively