Units 9-13 Genetics [Central Dogma]

What is the function of triphosphates?

• Provide energy for cellular processes for proteins

• Facilitate protein synthesis
• Act as structural components of DNA
• Regulate gene expression
• Serve as precursor molecules during nucleic acid synthesis

Why are phosphate groups important on nucleotides?

• They provide large amounts of energy involved in adding/removing terminal phosphate groups.

• Phosphate groups provide a negative charge for the sugar-phosphate backbone.
• Phosphate groups are inert and have no role in nucleotide function.
• Phosphate groups are only present in RNA, not DNA.

What are the four major characterisitcs that genetic material have?

• Duplication, encoding of data, manifestation of traits, and resistance to evolution
• Transcription, transmission of information, execution of cellular functions, and resistance to change
• Replication, storage of information, expression of information, and variation by mutation
• Translation, organization of information, regulation of cellular processes, and adaptation to the environment

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS1-6

What are the different RNAs that are transcribed for the central dogma? What are their functions?

• rRNA: Structural components of ribosomes for protein synthesis.

• siRNA: silences gene expression.

• mRNA: Template for protein synthesis and carries genetic information from gene to ribosome [acts as an intermidiate for DNA].

• snRNA: functions in various nuclear process like splicing.

• tRNA: Carries amino acids for protein synthesis of polypeptides.

Which RNA is translated to create a protein?

• mRNA
• snoRNA
• tRNA
• rRNA

How many nucleotides are there [DNA or RNA]? How many amino acids are there?

• DNA: 6 nucleotides, RNA: 5 nucleotides, Amino Acids: 30
• DNA: 4 nucleotides, RNA: 4 nucleotides, Amino Acids: 20
• DNA: 3 nucleotides, RNA: 3 nucleotides, Amino Acids: 25
• DNA: 5 nucleotides, RNA: 3 nucleotides, Amino Acids: 15

What enzyme is important in virus RNA replication? What is it's function?

• Lipase: breaks down the fact in foods so that it can be absorbed in the intestines

• RNA replicase: catalyzes the replication of RNA from an RNA template

• DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (DdRp): catalyzes the chemical reactions that synthesize RNA from a DNA template

• RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp): Viral transcription and gene replication, as well as epigenetic and post-transcriptional control of cellular gene expression

How does reverse transcriptase work in retro viruses?

• Reverse transcriptase transcribes RNA into DNA
• Reverse transcriptase transcribes DNA into lipids
• Reverse transcriptase transcribes DNA into protein
• Reverse transcriptase transcribes DNA into RNA

What are nucleotides consistant of? How does this vary in RNA and DNA?

• Nucleotides consist of a phosphate group, a sugar molecule, and a lipid
• In RNA, the sugar molecule is deoxyribose, while in DNA, it is ribose
• Nucleotides consist of a phosphate group, a sugar molecule, and a nitrogenous base. In RNA, the sugar molecule is ribose, while in DNA, it is deoxyribose.
• Nucleotides consist of a phosphate group, a sugar molecule, and a protein

What types of nitrogenous groups are there? What are the bases of DNA and the bases of RNA?

• Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine (RNA)
• Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine (DNA)
• Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Uracil (DNA)
• Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine (DNA) and Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Uracil (RNA)