Bio 112 exam 2 preparation

Review the phylogenetic tree shown. One of the major hurdles in the evolution of land plants was adapting to the relative scarcity of water when compared to the habitat occupied by their green algal ancestors. One such adaptation was the origin of cell types that were specialized for transporting water from one part of the plant to other parts. Which letter on this phylogenetic tree indicates this evolutionary step?

• A

• B

• C

• D

• E

Species from which of these groups died off as angiosperms diversified and became more abundant? Select all that apply.

• Ferns

• Cycads

• Lycophytes

• Gingkos

• Green algae

Which of the characteristics of bryophytes likely contribute to their small size relative to vascular plants growing in the same environment? Select all that apply.

• The male gametes require water to swim to the egg for fertilization.

• The leaves of bryophytes are only a few cell layers thick.

• They lack the specialized cells needed for water transport to elevated parts of the plant.

• The ecologically dominant generation is haploid.

Which of the choices are examples of convergent evolution? Select all that apply.

• the water-conducting tissues of some bryophytes and that of ferns

• the vascular cambium of quillworts (Isoetes) and that of angiosperms

• the roots of bryophytes and those of lycophytes

• the cuticle of bryophytes and that of gymnosperms

What can scientists study in the fossil record to learn about the distribution of grasses in the past? Select all that apply.

• herbivore teeth

• herbivore hooves

• stromatolites

• phytoliths

• the ratio of different carbon isotopes in fossils

Which of these choices likely contributed to the diversification of angiosperms? Select all that apply.

• wind-based pollination

• animal-based pollination

• xylem composed of vessels and fibers

• greater C3 photosynthetic efficiency

Which of the statements are true regarding angiosperms? Select all that apply.

• They tend to have higher maximum rates of photosynthesis compared with other plant groups in the same environment.

• They tend to have higher water transport capacities compared with other plant groups in the same environment.

• They tend to have higher rates of CO₂ uptake compared with other plant groups in the same environment.

• They tend to have lower rates of photosynthesis compared with other plant groups in the same environment.

• They tend to have lower rates of CO₂ uptake compared with other plant groups in the same environment.

Which of the challenges faced by plants in the early colonization of land was solved by a change in the life cycle to "alternation of generations"?

• water transport and dispersal of gametes

• fertilization of the egg and dispersal of offspring

• wind pollination and dispersal of zygotes

• water uptake and dispersal of female haploid generations

About two-thirds of human caloric intake consists of wheat, rice, and corn. What tissues constitute the majority of the nutritional content of these plant-based foods?

• fruits and cones

• seed embryos and ovules

• endosperm and female haploid generations

• starch granules and sporopollenin

What characteristic arose in angiosperms that enhances animal dispersal of seeds?

• packaging of seeds within the mature ovary

• showy flower parts

• pollen with three apertures

• double fertilization