Sagan Standard

Who popularized the Sagan standard?

• Marcello Truzzi

• David Hume

• Carl Sagan

• Thomas Jefferson

The Sagan standard states (a)   .

• "No claim is extraordinary without
• "Extraordinary claims require extra
• "All scientific claims require proo
• "Extraordinary claims require ordin

In which book did Carl Sagan first use the phrase encapsulating the Sagan standard?

• Broca's Brain

• The Demon-Haunted World

• Cosmos

• Pale Blue Dot

Which heuristic is similar to the (a)   standard?

• Theory of justification
• Logical positivism
• Occam's razor
• Hitchens's razor

What is a criticism of the Sagan standard mentioned in the text?

• It promotes pseudoscience

• It suppresses innovation

• It is too easy to meet

• It only applies to astronomy

Match the following individuals with the principles they fully characterized first.

• Principles of nuclear chemistry

• Marcello Truzzi

• Principles of skepticism

• David Hume

• Principles of the Sagan standard

• Carl Sagan

• Principles of astronomy

• Philip Abelson

Which of the following is NOT a field where the Sagan standard's application is mentioned?

• Psychology

• Astrobiology

• Clinical medicine

• Paranormal claims

What does the text suggest about 'extraordinary evidence'?

• It must be published in a scientific journal

• It is subjective and decided through consensus

• It is always quantitative

• It is defined by Carl Sagan

Which philosopher is cited for a similar statement to the Sagan standard in 1748?

• John Locke

• David Hume

• Immanuel Kant

• Aristotle

What is a concern about the inconsistent application of the Sagan standard?

• It may lead to the acceptance of pseudoscience

• It could exacerbate racial and gender biases

• It makes scientific discovery too easy

• It is too difficult for scientists to apply