If a company claims that its product has been proven scientifically, which of the following should have taken place if the results are to be considered reliable?

• The company should have held discussions with leading industry scientists.

• Technology should have been used in both the gathering of data and data analysis.

• Results should have been peer reviewed and repeated producing the same findings.

• The results of the investigation should have been published in popular magazines.

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Based on your knowledge of scientific investigations, which stage of scientific investigation did the invention of the microscope significantly advance?

• Communicating the results of experimentation

• Gathering the data for the investigation

• Generating explanations of phenomena

• Planning the investigation and experimentation

A student is conducting an investigation to determine the effect of temperature on the metabolism of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Yeast and sugar are added to water, the gas produced is captured, and its volume is recorded. Which variables should be held constant during this investigation?

• Mass of sugar and water temperature

• Mass of yeast and mass of sugar

• Volume of gas and water temperature

• Volume of gas and mass of yeast

Scientific law and a scientific theory are similar in that both

• are based on what we expect to happen based on natural history.

• describe the events that can be observed in nature.

• explain why events and conditions occur as they do in the natural world.

• represent a large amount of scientific investigation and evidence.

To help patients replenish bodily fluids quickly during an illness, doctors need to understand how cells behave in their environment. Doctors have confidence in what they know about how cells behave because

• cell theory has been tested, refined, and observed to be true over hundreds of years

• large medical institutions have conducted their own experiments justifying cell theory

• the basics of cell theory have not changed much since the original experiments

• what we know about cell theory has been published in reputable journals

Which of the following best describes a result of the polar nature of water molecules?

• Ionic compounds dissolve easily in water.

• The volume of water decreases by nearly half when it is frozen.

• Water molecules repel each other.

• Water molecules repel most other substances.

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In which of the following circumstances would it be most likely for large organic molecules to form during a laboratory experiment?

• If amino acids and nucleic acids both formed

• If oxygen were slowly added as the experiment progressed

• If RNA segments that could act as catalysts formed

• If the mixture were repeatedly heated and cooled

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Assume a group of scientists has managed to set up an experiment simulating the conditions of early Earth that resulted in a cell with DNA using RNA to produce proteins from amino acids as modern cells do. What conclusion could they draw from this experiment?

• It is possible for a cell similar to a modern cell to form under the conditions of the experiment.

• Modern cells developed from inorganic compounds in the conditions that existed on early Earth.

• The conditions of their experiment exactly replicated the conditions found on early Earth.

• The way modern cells function is the only way a cell could be constructed and survive.

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Which of the following best compares the structures of lipids and carbohydrates?

• Both are made up of monosaccharide monomers, but lipids are hydrophobic and carbohydrates are hydrophilic.

• Both consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but carbohydrates have repeating structural units and lipids do not.

• Both contain carbon and hydrogen, but carbohydrates also contain oxygen and lipids contain nitrogen.

• Both have a carbon backbone, but lipids also have an amino group and carbohydrates have a carboxylic acid group.

Which of the following best describes the difference between the functions of nucleic acids and enzymes?

• Nucleic acids are used as the building blocks of proteins, while enzymes are used as the building blocks of phospholipids.

• Nucleic acids contain the genetic code for protein synthesis, while enzymes catalyze chemical reactions.

• Nucleic acids inhibit biochemical reactions, while enzymes provide structural support in cells.

• Nucleic acids transmit signals that begin biochemical processes, while enzymes convert carbohydrates into lipids and proteins.