........................ is a discipline within engineering that focuses on designing and analyzing systems where direct line-of-sight communication or observation is crucial.

• LOS engineering

• Geodetic surveying

• Communication surveying

• None of the above

Triangulation stations should be chosen on high ground so that all relevant stations are ................

• accessible

• inaccessible

• intervisible

• None of the above

If the distance between stations is large, the intervisibility is ascertained by knowing the .................. between the stations.

• vertical angle

• horizontal distance

• azimuth

• None of the above

• height of station above datum

• coefficient of refraction

• vertical distance

• None of the above

The line of sight should be taken at least 3 m above the point of tangency T of the earth’s surface to avoid ..............

• intervening ground

• obstructions

• grazing rays

• none of the above

In ............................... the two points with known coordinates are occupied and sightings are taken to the unknown point.

• three-point problem

• resection

• intersection

• satellite station

In ...................................... the one point with unknown coordinates is occupied and sightings are taken to the known points.

• Resection

• intersection

• radiation

• None of the above

Figure shows ...................... problem.

.......................... is a mathematical framework used to determine the positions of points in space or on a surface.

• Coordinates

• Origin

• A coordinate system

• None of the above

Astronomical observations for latitude, longitude, and azimuths are measured with reference to the ....................... at the point of observation.

• normal direction

• direction of gravity

• ellipsoidal height

• All of the above