Ngữ dụng học

1. What is the nature of entailment?

• Pragmatic

• Logical

• Semantic

• Syntactic

 2.How is entailment symbolized?

• ll

• r

• ->

3. Which of the following is an example of background entailment?

• Rover chased three squirrels (= p)

• Something chased three squirrels (= q)

• Rover did something to three squirrels (= r)

• Rover ate three of something (= s)

4. What does the symbol "ll" represent in ordered entailments?

• Logical consequence

• Pragmatic inference

• Semantic ambiguity

• Syntactic structure

5. Which type of entailment is more important for interpreting the intended meaning?

• Background entailment

• Foreground entailment

• Pragmatic entailment

• Semantic entailment

6. What is the main assumption in foreground entailment?

• The speaker's intention

• The logical consequence

• The semantic ambiguity

• The number of dollars won by Amy

7. How many foreground entailments can a sentence have on one occasion?

• Multiple

• None

• Only one

• It depends on the context

8. What is the function of an It-cleft construction/cleft sentence?

a) To express background entailments

b) To emphasize foreground entailments

c) To introduce pragmatic concepts

• To express background entailments

• To emphasize foreground entailments

• To introduce pragmatic concepts

• To convey syntactic ambiguity

9. Which of the following is an example of foreground entailment?

• Rover chased three squirrels

• Something happened

• Amy won five dollars

• Amy did something with five dollars

10. How are foreground entailments typically defined?

• By stress or emphasis

• By logical symbols

• By syntactic structures

• By pragmatic contexts