8th Grade Logic- the art of argument chapter 4

fallacies of presupposition

• make unwarranted assumptions of the data or nature of a reasonable argument.

• attempt to sway people's opinions by compelling them to emotions.

• contain hidden assumptions that make them unreasonable.

• distract by focusing on source rather than the argument.

fallacies of presumption

• make unwarranted assumptions of the data or nature of a reasonable argument.

• contain hidden assumptions that make them unreasonable.

• assume the very thing it is trying to prove.

• makes only 2 options possible.

Begging the question

• arguments that frame the debate in such a way that only 2 options are possible.

• arguments that assume the very thing it is trying to prove.

• arguments that assume the correct answer is always the middle ground.

• arguments that assume because something is a certain way it ought to be that way.

Bifurcation (False Dilemma)

• assumes correct answer is always the middle ground.

• assumes parts will be like whole.

• assumes that properties of the whole will be the same as the properties of the parts.

• arguments that frame the debate in such a way that only 2 options are possible, while others may exist.

Fallacy of moderation

• assumes because something is a certain way it ought to be that way.

• assume correct answer is always the middle ground or compromise.

• assumes parts will be like whole.

• assumes whole will be like parts.

is ought fallacy

• The 'is-ought fallacy' is a type of mathematical error
• The 'is-ought fallacy' assumes because something is a certain way it ought to be different.

• The 'is-ought fallacy' is a valid logical deduction
• The 'is-ought fallacy' assumes because something is a certain way it ought to be that way

The fallacy of composition says that the properties of the _______ will be the same as the properties of the _______

(a)  

The fallacy of division says that the properties of the _______ will be the same as the properties of the _______

(a)  

Now you think the problem is mostly your wife's fault, and your wife thinks it is mostly your fault. Let's admit there is an equal amount of blame on each side.

• Divison

• is ought

• moderation

• bifurcation

Look, either you accept that we need full funding for the V-22 Osprey, or you admit that you do not have the best interests of our national defense at heart.

• Division

• is ought

• begging the question

• bifurcation