AQA Biology A level Topic 8

Translocation Mutation

• A sequence of bases are moved from one location in the genome to another.

• One or more bases are swapped for another

• One or more bases are removed

• One or more bases are added

Substitution Mutation

• One or more bases are added

• One or more bases are removed

• One or more bases are swapped for another.

• One or more bases are repeated

What is a mutagenic agent?

• Something that causes cancer.

• Something causes Apoptosis

• Something that causes transcription factors to change shape

• Something that causes an increase in the rate of mutations

Proto-oncogenes are...?

• Genes that produce proteins that inhibit cell division.

• Genes that produce proteins that stimulate cell division.

• Genes that are functional slowing down cell division

• a faulty version of a gene that leads to uncontrolled cell division

Tumour suppressor genes are...?

• Non-Functional genes that produce proteins that increase cell division.

• Functional genes that produce proteins that increase cell division.

• Non functional genes that produce proteins that slow cell division or cause cell apoptosis (cell death)

• Functional genes that produce proteins that slow cell division or cause cell apoptosis (cell death)

oncogenes are...?

• A functional gene that stimulates the cell to divide in a controlled way

• A functional gene that inhibits cell division in a controlled way

• A mutated gene that stimulates the cell to divide uncontrollably

• A functional gene that stimulates cell apoptosis (cell death)

NOT a characteristic of a benign tumour

• Rapid growth

• Not cancerous

• Covered in a fibrous tissue

• Often harmless but can cause blockages and pressure on tissues if left untreated.

NOT a characteristic of a malignant tumour

• Rapid growth

• Invade and destroy other tissues

• Are cancerous

• Have a fibrous tissue holding the mass of cells together.

Tumour suppressor genes can cause cancers when...?

• both copies of the gene are hypermehylated

• only one copy of the gene are hypermehylated

• both copies of the gene are acetylated

• only one copy of the gene are acetylated

Totipotent stem cells are...?

• Cells that can develop into any other type of cell

• Cells that can develop into any other type of cell with the exception of placental cells

• Cells that can develop into only a few different types of specialised cell

• Cells that can develop into only one type of specialised cell