Which of these is a pro of an enzymatic cascade?

It amplifies the response of a single binding molecule

It decreases the response of a single binding molecule

Because it is unregulated, it provides a variety of responses

Cell undergoing cellular division

Endocrine cell secreting proteins

Synthesis of ATP without glucose

Vertebrate immune responses involve communication over short and long distances. Which of the following statements best helps explain how cell surface proteins, such as MHC proteins and T cell receptors, mediate cell communication over short distances?

The proteins interact directly with proteins on the surfaces of other cells.

The proteins receive electrical signals from nerve cells.

The proteins leave the cell and travel in the bloodstream to other cells.

The proteins bind to molecules secreted by cells located in other parts of the body.

Notch is a receptor protein displayed on the surface of certain cells in developing fruit fly embryos. Notch’s ligand is a membrane-bound protein called Delta that is displayed on the surface of adjacent cells. When Notch is activated by its ligand, the intracellular tail of the Notch protein becomes separated from the rest of the protein. This allows the intracellular tail to move to the cell’s nucleus and alter the expression of specific genes. Which of the following statements best explains Delta’s role in regulating cell communication through the Notch signaling pathway?

Delta restricts cell communication to short distances within a developing embryo.

Delta transmits a chemical signal to all the cells of a developing embryo.

Delta allows the cells of a developing embryo to communicate without making direct contact.

Delta determines which cells in a developing embryo express the gene that encodes the Notch protein.

The epinephrine signaling pathway plays a role in regulating glucose homeostasis in muscle cells. The signaling pathway is activated by the binding of epinephrine to the beta-2 adrenergic receptor. A simplified model of the epinephrine signaling pathway is represented in Figure 1. Based on Figure 1, which of the following statements best describes the epinephrine signaling pathway?

It involves enzymes activating other enzymes.

It involves the opening and closing of ion channels.

It involves changes in the expression of target genes.

It involves protons moving down a concentration gradient.

Lipid-soluble signaling molecules, such as aldosterone, cross the membranes of all cells but affect only target cells because

intracellular receptors are present only in target cells.

only target cells retain the appropriate DNA segments.

only target cells have enzymes that break down aldosterone.

only in target cells is aldosterone able to initiate the phosphorylation cascade that turns genes on.

When a signal transduction pathway involves a phosphorylation casade, what turns off the cell's response?

a relay molecule that activates protein kinase 1

Signal Transduction

Authored by Chelsea Robbins

Biology, Science

12th Grade

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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

1 min • 1 pt

The 3 steps of signal transduction in order are

reception, transduction, response

response, transduction, reception

reception, response, transduction

transduction, reception, response

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

1 min • 1 pt

What type of transmembrane receptor is being shown?

G-protein receptor

tyrosine kinase receptor

gated ion channel

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

1 min • 1 pt

What type of transmembrane receptor is being shown?

gated ion channel

G-protein receptor

tyrosine kinase receptor

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

1 min • 1 pt

Which of the following correctly describes the reception stage of this signal transduction pathway?

epinephrine binds to a g-protein coupled receptor protein present in the cell membrane

the g protein changes shape, is activated, activates adenyl cyclase, which activates cAMP, which activates protein kinases

protein kinases phosphoylate molecules

glycogen synthesis is inhibited and glycogen breakdown is promoted

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

20 sec • 12 pts

A signal molecule that binds to a plasma-membrane protein is a

ligand

second messenger

protein kinase

receptor protein

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

1 min • 12 pts

What does a protein kinase do?

removes phosphates

transfers phosphates from ATP to proteins

activates an enzyme

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

1 min • 1 pt

Which term refers to cells signaling to themselves?

Paracrine

Autocrine

Endocrine

Somatricine

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Signal Transduction

The 3 steps of signal transduction in order are

What type of transmembrane receptor is being shown?

What type of transmembrane receptor is being shown?

Which of the following correctly describes the reception stage of this signal transduction pathway?

A signal molecule that binds to a plasma-membrane protein is a

What does a protein kinase do?

Which term refers to cells signaling to themselves?

The binding of a ligand to a receptor is involved in what stage of cell communication?

A series of chemical reactions that relay chemical message inside the cell; may amplify the signal

the change in cell activity that results from the binding of the ligand to the receptor

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