Chapter 12 Vocabulary

It made the authority of men over their families stronger, deprived women of any individual rights, and reduced the rights of illegitimate children. All male citizens were also granted equal rights under the law and the right to religious dissent, but colonial slavery was reintroduced.

• Magna Carta
• Declaration of Independence
• Bill of Rights
• Napoleonic Code

A period of the French Revolution when, following the creation of the First Republic, a series of massacres and numerous public executions that took place in response to revolutionary fervour,

• Age of Enlightenment
• French Revolution
• Napoleonic Wars
• Reign of Terror

A lower-class Parisian republican in the French Revolution.

• Girondins
• sans-culottes
• bourgeoisie
• Jacobins

Government spending, in excess of revenue, of funds raised by borrowing rather than from taxation.

• Surplus spending
• Deficit spending
• Debt financing
• Tax evasion

The middle class, typically with reference to its perceived materialistic values or conventional attitudes.

• proletariat
• bourgeoisie
• oligarchy
• aristocracy

a form of monarchy in which the monarch rules in their own right or power

• Constitutional monarchy
• Limited monarchy
• Absolute monarchy
• Democratic monarchy

is the right of a sovereign to rule as set forth by the theory of government that holds that a monarch receives the right to rule directly from God and not from the people.

• God's Mandate
• Heavenly Decree
• Celestial Authority
• Divine Right