Participle as adverbial

_____ to spend any more money this month, Jim decided against going to a restaurant for lunch. He made himself a sandwich instead.

• Not wanting

• Because he didn’t want

• Because not wanting

Since _____ his bachelor’s degree, he has had three jobs, each one better than the last.

• he completed

• completing

• completed

_____ across Canada, I could not help being impressed by the great differences in terrain.

• Traveling

• Traveled

• While traveling

_____ the chapter four times, I finally understood the author’s theory.

• I read

• Having read

• reading

_____ national fame, the union leader had been an electrician in a small town.

• Before graining

• Gained

• Gaining

Before _____ to you, I had never understood that formula.

• talked

• talking

• I talk

_____ the cool evening breeze and listening to the sounds of nature, we lost track of time.

• Because enjoying

• Enjoying

• We were enjoying

_____ in an airplane before, the little girl was surprised and a little frightened when her ears popped.

• Had never flown

• Having never flown

• Because had never flown

_____ voice-president of marketing and sales, Peter McKay worked as a sales representative.

• became

• becoming

• before becoming

____________, people tend to something good rather than bad.

• Frankly spoken

• Frankly speaking

• Frankly is spoken

• Frankly is speaking