Hypothesis & Variables

What is the primary purpose of formulating a hypothesis in research?

• To summarize the research findings.

• To provide a clear research methodology.

• To generate a testable statement that guides the research.

• To prove a predetermined idea or theory.

What distinguishes a directional (one-tailed) hypothesis from a non-directional (two-tailed) hypothesis?

• Directional hypotheses are based on data, while non-directional hypotheses are theory-driven.

• Directional hypotheses make a specific prediction about the direction of an effect, while non-directional hypotheses do not specify a direction.

• Directional hypotheses are always causal, while non-directional hypotheses are descriptive.

• Directional hypotheses are used in qualitative research, while non-directional hypotheses are used in quantitative research.

What is the significance of conducting a literature review in research?

• To validate the research hypothesis

• To identify existing knowledge, understand the current state of research, and build a theoretical foundation.

• To summarize the research findings

• To gather primary data for the research

What is the role of a research question in the research process?

• The role of a research question is to provide a summary of the research findings.

• The role of a research question is to limit the scope of the study and hinder the research process.

• The role of a research question is to guide the research process and provide a clear focus for the study.

• The role of a research question is to confuse the researcher and make the study more challenging.

In a study of the effect of a driver training program on driving skill, a possible operationalisation of the dependent variable would be...

• driving quality
• number of accidents
• hours spent training
• amount of traffic

Independent variable is to dependent variable as _________ is to ____________.

• hypothesis | conclusion
• effect | cause
• cause | effect.
• conclusion | hypothesis

Which answer provides examples of participant extraneous variables?

• independent variables, dependent variables
• time of day, noise level, temperature, location
• prior experience, motivation, intelligence, educational background
• extraneous variables, confounding variables

Which answer provides examples of situational extraneous variables?

• independent variables, dependent variables
• time of day, noise level, temperature, location
• prior experience, motivation, intelligence, educational background
• extraneous variables, confounding variables

What is the name of a variable that affects the dependent variable and results in invalid data?

• Dependent variable

• Extraneous variable

• Confounding variable

Name the variable that is deliberately manipulated or varied by a researcher

• Independent variable

• Dependent variable

• Extraneous variable

• Confounding variable