What is the process of using existing knowledge to draw conclusions, make predictions, or construct explanations called?

• Hypothesizing

• Reasoning

• Speculating

• Analyzing

Which type of reasoning starts with a general rule and proceeds to a guaranteed specific conclusion?

• Inductive reasoning

• Abductive reasoning

• Deductive reasoning

• Analogical reasoning

What is a deductive syllogism equivalent to in plain English?

• A mathematical equation

• A scientific theory

• A historical account

• A philosophical argument

What is the main characteristic of inductive reasoning according to the text?

• It moves from the general to the specific.

• It provides absolutely certain conclusions.

• It moves from the specific to the general.

• It is based on logical necessities.

Which of the following best describes the language used in scientific literature as mentioned in the text?

• Language of absolutes and certainties.

• Language of deductively reached, probable conclusions.

• Language of inductively reached, probable conclusions.

• Language of tautologies and self-evident statements.

What does the text suggest about the conclusions reached through inductive reasoning?

• They are logical necessities.

• They are simply false.

• They are probably true.

• They guarantee the conclusion.

According to the text, what is a key difference between deductive and inductive reasoning?

• Deductive reasoning can predict future events.

• Inductive reasoning can increase human knowledge.

• Deductive reasoning is based on observations.

• Inductive reasoning provides absolute certainty.

What is an example of abductive reasoning provided in the text?

• A scientist forming a hypothesis based on evidence.

• Jurors making a decision based on the evidence presented in a trial.

• Albert Einstein observing the movement of a compass needle.

• A researcher conducting a scientific experiment.

What characterizes abductive reasoning according to the text?

• It requires complete evidence.

• It is characterized by lack of completeness, either in the evidence or explanation.

• It is only based on experimental data.

• It is less creative than inductive reasoning.

What is an example of abductive reasoning provided in the text?

• A patient being unconscious or not reporting every symptom.

• A doctor using a thought experiment to reach a diagnosis.

• Einstein's work being discredited by his peers.

• Einstein experimentally dropping elevators.