Our ________ determine(s) our species and influence(s) all our unique characteristics.

• genotype

• phenotype

• genes

• karyotype

In the first few years of life, the brain is ________.

• highly plastic

• totally plastic

• more lateralized than any other period

• unable to recover from injury

Some responses, such as ________, are difficult to classically condition in young babies.

• eye blinking

• fear

• kicking

• sucking

In operant conditioning, a stimulus that increases the occurrence of a response is called ________.

• a reinforcer

• punishment

• neutral stimulus

• conditoned stimulus

In operant conditioning, ________.

• a neutral stimulus is paired with a conditioned stimulus that leads to a reflexive response

• babies build expectations about stimulus events but do not influence the stimuli that occur

• infants act, and stimuli that follow their behavior change the probability that the behavior will occur again

• after a baby's nervous system makes the connection between two stimuli, the neutral stimulus produces the behavior

The term habituation refers to ________.

• removing a desirable stimulus to decrease the occurrence of a response

• a gradual reduction in the strength of a response due to repetitive stimulation

• presenting an unpleasant stimulus to decrease the occurrence of a response

• presenting a pleasant stimulus to increase the occurrence of a response

Which of these is an example of a fine-motor skill?

• grasping

• crawling

• walking

• standing

Which motor skill takes the longest to develop?

• building a tower

• crawling

• walking on tiptoe

• rolling from side to side

The current Western practice of ________ delays gross-motor milestones of rolling, sitting, and crawling.

• exposing infants to "tummy time"

• using rear-facing car seats

• putting babies in bouncing activity centers

• having babies sleep on their backs

The newborn's grasp reflex is first replaced by ________.

• prereaching

• the ulnar grasp

• reaching

• the pincer grasp