Enlightenment and Social Changes in Europe

What was one of the perceptions linked to natural phenomena like earthquakes in the 17th century?

• They were seen as unrelated to human events.

• They were often linked to significant human events.

• They were ignored by the majority of the population.

• They were understood through the lens of scientific inquiry.

What was the reaction to the Lisbon earthquake of 1755?

• It was seen purely as a natural disaster.

• It sparked debates on God's punishment versus natural causes.

• It was ignored by European philosophers.

• It led to the decline of the Enlightenment.

What does the Enlightenment or Age of Light challenge?

• The stability of monarchies

• The tradition through rational investigation

• The advancements in scientific discoveries

• The role of religion in governance

Who published the Persian Letters, critiquing European society?

• Jean-Jacques Rousseau

• Voltaire

• Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu

• Adam Smith

What was Montesquieu's contribution to critiquing society?

• He discovered new lands.

• He wrote satirical works mocking societal norms.

• He led a political revolution.

• He introduced new mathematical theories.

What novel by Rousseau describes a boy growing up in the countryside?

• The Persian Letters

• Emile

• Candide

• The Social Contract

What role did salons play during the Enlightenment?

• Locations for exclusive aristocratic parties

• Places for scientific experimentation

• Centers for military strategy

• Gathering spots for discussing new ideas and philosophies

What did Adam Smith advocate for in 'The Wealth of Nations'?

• Free market and free trade

• Absolutism and monarchy

• The stockpiling of gold

• The return to agricultural economies

How did Enlightenment thinkers view God's role in the universe?

• As having set the universe in motion without further influence

• As non-existent

• As actively intervening in daily life

• As the direct cause of natural disasters

What was a significant impact of the Enlightenment on European society?

• Isolationism in international policies

• Transformation in political, social, and economic theories

• Decline in scientific interest

• Increased focus on religious explanations