Based on the graph, how would you describe the relationship between a planet’s period of revolution and its distance from the sun?

• The shorter the distance of a planet from the Sun, the longer its period of revolution.

• The greater the distance of a planet from the Sun, the longer its period of revolution.

• The period of revolution of a planet changes in a random pattern as the planet moves away from the Sun.

• The period of revolution of a planet does not change as the planet moves a greater distance away from the Sun.

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Scientists had voted to change the definition of planet. The headlines read “Pluto Is Not a Planet.” What was the article most likely about?

• Pluto decreased in size.

• Pluto no longer met the criteria for planet.

• Space exploration revealed that Pluto was smaller than Earth.

• Scientists needed more dwarf planets for the solar system model.

The law of universal gravitation states that both mass and distance of objects affect the gravitational force between them. Gravitational force increases as the mass of the objects increase. Gravitational force decreases as distance between the objects increases. Why are these statements considered scientific law, and not scientific theory?

• The statements tell what happens, and not why it occurs.

• This statement involves measurements of mass and distance.

• This statement explains the attractive force between two objects.

• This statement predicts what will happen under certain conditions.

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A student makes a simple model of the solar system by using a basketball to represent the sun. He then puts a series of ping pong balls in a line to represent each of the planets. The ping pong balls are spaced evenly about one foot apart from each other. He wants to use the model to compare how long it would take for a spaceship to travel between different planets. How should he change the model to help him decide?

• He should paint the balls so that each ball looks more like the planet it represents.

• He should add a spaceship to the model to represent the spaceship traveling to the planets.

• He should use different sized balls to represent the planets so that the relative sizes of the planets are represented.

• He should spread the balls out differently so that the relative distances between the planets are better represented.

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Which statement best describes the use of replication to verify the results of a scientific discovery?

• One scientist repeats the same experiment multiple times and compares the results obtained.

• One scientist performs several different experiments and compares the results obtained.

• Several scientists observe one scientist conduct experiments and compare their notes on the results obtained

• Several scientists perform the same experiment separately and compare their results with the original experiment results.

Jorge was studying the Universal Law of Gravitation and created an experiment to test the relationship between mass and distance. He set up two identical magnets and placed them at the distances in the table below. Jorge measured the magnetic force with a spring scale and recorded his results. What is the independent (test) variable in Jorge’s experiment?

• Total number of magnets

• Distance in centimeters (cm)

• Magnetic force in Newtons (N)

• Using different types of spring scales

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Gravity is a force of attraction between two or more masses. The gravitational attraction between the Sun and each of the planets is responsible for which of the following?

• The amount of sunlight reaching the planets.

• The presence or absence of water on the planets near the Sun.

• The orbital motions of the planets around the Sun.

• The number of planets that can orbit the Sun.

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Which of the following best describes the formation of the solar system?

• The sun ejected rocky material which later went on to form the planets.

• A rotating disk of gas and dust was drawn together by the force of gravity.

• One very large planetary body randomly broke apart into several smaller planets.

• Several stars of different masses cooled and randomly formed the planets and the sun.

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Gravity is a force that explains observations scientists have made about space. Which of the following observations about space is NOT explained by gravity?

• .The formation of stars and planets.

• The amount of light given off by a star

• The number of moons that orbit a planet.

• The orbital velocity of planets around the Sun.

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Which of the following is the best explanation for the relationship between mass and surface gravity?

• There is inverse relationship between mass and surface gravity. The more massive the object, the less the surface gravity.

• There is inverse relationship between mass and surface gravity. The less massive the object, the greater the surface gravity.

• There is direct relationship between mass and surface gravity. The more massive the object, the greater the surface gravity.

• There is direct relationship between mass and surface gravity. The less massive the object, the greater the surface gravity.

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