Conditioning

Act of responding in the same way to stimuli that seems similar is known as:

• systematic desensitization

• spontaneous recovery

• conditioned stimulus

• generalization

Answer explanation

Generalization is the act of responding in the same way to stimuli that seems similar, making it the correct choice in this scenario.

Form of learning based on the consequences of actions is:

• classical conditioning

• operant conditioning

• counter conditioning

• generalization

Answer explanation

Operant conditioning is the form of learning based on the consequences of actions, where behaviors are strengthened or weakened based on the outcomes.

Stimulus that causes an automatic response is:

• conditioned stimulus

• unconditioned stimulus

• secondary reinforcer

• primary reinforcer

Answer explanation

The correct choice is unconditioned stimulus as it directly triggers a response without any prior conditioning.

Stimulus that encourages a behavior by meeting an organism's basic biological needs is:

• secondary reinforcer

• primary reinforcer

• systematic desensitization

• counter conditioning

Answer explanation

A primary reinforcer is a stimulus that encourages a behavior by meeting an organism's basic biological needs.

Act of responding differently to stimuli that are not similar is called:

• generalization

• discrimination

• extinction

• flooding

Answer explanation

The correct term for responding differently to stimuli that are not similar is discrimination, where an individual can differentiate between various stimuli and respond accordingly.

Revival of an extinguished response is known as:

• spontaneous recovery

• flooding

• counter conditioning

• systematic desensitization

Answer explanation

Revival of an extinguished response is known as spontaneous recovery, where the previously extinguished behavior reappears temporarily.

Ivan Pavlov's experiments with dogs yielded information about:

• operant conditioning

• counter conditioning

• classical conditioning

• all of the above

Answer explanation

Ivan Pavlov's experiments with dogs provided insights into classical conditioning, where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a reflex response through repeated pairing.

A conditioned response occurs:

• automatically.

• as a result of pairing an unconditioned stimulus with a conditioned stimulus.

• after extinction.

• as a result of all of the above.

Answer explanation

Conditioned response occurs automatically, as a result of pairing an unconditioned stimulus with a conditioned stimulus, and after extinction.

A conditioned response may be extinguished when:

• similar stimuli cause the same response.

• stimuli that are not similar to each other cause a different response.

• a conditioned stimulus is no longer followed by an unconditioned stimulus.

• the conditioned response is no longer paired with an unconditioned response.

Answer explanation

A conditioned response may be extinguished when a conditioned stimulus is no longer followed by an unconditioned stimulus, leading to the weakening of the association between the two stimuli.

It's a very hot summer day and Viva is sweating in her apartment. She turns on the air conditioning and right away her apartment gets cooler. Because Viva is now more likely to turn on the AC when she is hot to reduce her discomfort, this is an example of _______.

• positive reinforcement

• negative reinforcement

• punishment

• positive punishment

Answer explanation

This is an example of negative reinforcement because the behavior of turning on the AC is reinforced by the removal of discomfort (sweating) in response to the hot weather.