ENG 104

Defines language as the faculty of articulating words.

• Saussure, 1916

• Sapir, 1921

• Cook & Seidlhofer, 1995

• Hauser, Chomsky and Fitch, 2002

• Halliday, 2003: 2

Defines language as a purely human and non instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions, and desires by means of a system of voluntarily produced symbols.

• Saussure, 1916

• Sapir, 1921

• Cook & Seidlhofer, 1995

• Hauser, Chomsky and Fitch, 2002

• Halliday, 2003: 2

Defines language as genetics inheritance, a mathematical system, a social fact, the expression of individual identity, the expression of cultural identity, the outcome of dialogic interaction,a social semiotic, the intuitions of native speakers, the sum of attested data, a collection of memorized chunks, are rule-governed discrete combinatory system, or electrical activation in a distributed network.

• Saussure, 1916

• Sapir, 1921

• Cook & Seidlhofer, 1995

• Hauser, Chomsky and Fitch, 2002

• Halliday, 2003: 2

Defines language as a culturally specific communication system; the term language is used quite differently to refer to an internal component of the mind/brain.

• Saussure, 1916

• Sapir, 1921

• Cook & Seidlhofer, 1995

• Hauser, Chomsky and Fitch, 2002

• Halliday, 2003: 2

Defines language as a system of meaning - a semiotic system.

• Saussure, 1916

• Sapir, 1921

• Cook & Seidlhofer, 1995

• Hauser, Chomsky and Fitch, 2002

• Halliday, 2003: 2

Defines language as a finite system of elements and principles that make it possible for speakers to construct sentences to do particular communicative jobs.

• Fasold & Connor-Linton, 2006

• Nunan, 2007

• Amberg & Vause, 2009: 2

• Edwards, 2009: 53

• Larsen-Freeman, 2011

Defines language as a tool for communication.

• Fasold & Connor-Linton, 2006

• Nunan, 2007

• Amberg & Vause, 2009: 2

• Edwards, 2009: 53

• Larsen-Freeman, 2011

Defines language as a means of communication, and communication almost always takes place within some sort of social context; language is a rule based system of signs.

• Robins and Crystal, 2021

• Nunan, 2007

• Amberg & Vause, 2009: 2

• Edwards, 2009: 53

• Larsen-Freeman, 2011

Defines language as a communicative system composed of arbitrary elements which possess an agreed-upon significance within a community; these elements are connected in rule-governed ways.

• Robins and Crystal, 2021

• Nunan, 2007

• Amberg & Vause, 2009: 2

• Edwards, 2009: 53

• Larsen-Freeman, 2011

Defines language as a rule-governed discrete combinatory system, we see that language is a system, a system comprised of discrete segments: phonemes, lexemes, morphemes; language as social fact.

• Robins and Crystal, 2021

• Nunan, 2007

• Amberg & Vause, 2009: 2

• Edwards, 2009: 53

• Larsen-Freeman, 2011