Chapter 3

Who is known for his work on cognitive development and developed the theory of the 'zone of proximal development'?

• Erik Erikson

• Lev Vygotsky

• Jean Piaget

• Albert Bandura

What is the main focus of Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development?

• Biological factors

• Social and cultural factors

• Individual experiences

• Genetic predispositions

Which stage of Vygotsky's substages of private speech involves rhythmic vocalizations and bodily movements in infants?

• Vibrations & Rhythms

• Imitation & Sound Play

• Naming & Functions

• Streams of Consciousness

What is the purpose of the Naming & Functions stage in Vygotsky's substages of private speech?

• Developing vocabulary

• Understanding object functions

• Improving memory

• Enhancing creativity

At what age do children exhibit more abbreviated private speech that is less understandable to others?

• 4-5 years old

• 6-7 years old

• 7-8 years old

• 5-6 years old

What is the main function of streams of consciousness private speech in children?

• Emotional expression outlet

• Memory aid

• Social interaction enhancer

• Problem-solving tool

What is causal reasoning in the context of private speech?

• Understanding cause and effect relationships

• Recalling past events

• Predicting future events

• Expressing emotions

What is the purpose of scaffolding in early childhood development?

• Limiting problem-solving skills

• Enhancing independence

• Reducing motivation

• Fostering dependence

In the scaffolding process, what does the 'move back' stage involve?

• Offering assistance

• Asking questions

• Providing praise

• Allowing independent work