Part 4

What is the primary advantage of endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) over open surgical repair for abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA)?

• Faster recovery time
• Higher long-term patency rates
• Lower risk of postoperative infection
• Lower risk of endoleak

Which of the following statements about endoleak following endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) is TRUE?

• It can be classified into several types based on the source of blood flow into the aneurysm sac.
• It is always type I endoleak.
• It is always type II endoleak.
• It is always type III endoleak.

What is the most common cause of type II endoleak following endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR)?

• Poor sealing at the proximal or distal landing zones
• Persistent retrograde flow from collateral vessels
• Infection at the graft site
• Rupture of the graft material

Which of the following statements about type III endoleak following endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) is TRUE?

• It results from a defect in the graft material.
• It is the most common type of endoleak.
• It is usually self-limiting and does not require intervention.
• It occurs due to inadequate sealing at the proximal or distal landing zones.

What is the management approach for type I endoleak following endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR)?

• Percutaneous embolization of the feeding vessel
• Observation only
• Conservative management with close surveillance
• Surgical revision of the graft

Which of the following statements about peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is TRUE?

• It often presents with intermittent claudication.
• It is characterized by narrowing of the coronary arteries.
• It is associated with a higher risk of stroke but not myocardial infarction.
• It is most commonly caused by venous insufficiency.

What is the most common cause of peripheral arterial disease (PAD)?

• Atherosclerosis
• Thromboembolism
• Vasculitis
• Trauma

Which of the following arteries is most commonly affected by peripheral arterial disease (PAD)?

• Popliteal artery
• Renal artery
• Subclavian artery
• Superior mesenteric artery

Which of the following statements about critical limb ischemia (CLI) is TRUE?

• It is associated with a high risk of limb loss.
• It typically improves with conservative management.
• It is characterized by intermittent claudication.
• It is most commonly caused by vasospasm.

What is the initial management approach for critical limb ischemia (CLI)?

• Surgical revascularization
• Antiplatelet therapy
• Observation and conservative management
• Limb amputation