Burns

What are the four types of burns?

• Chemical, electrical, thermal, and inhalation
• Superficial, partial thickness, full thickness, fourth-degree
• First-degree, second-degree, third-degree, fourth-degree
• Radiation, friction, pressure, allergic

How does the rule of nines allocate the surface area percentages according to arms, legs, head, and trunk in adults?

• Each arm represents 9%, each leg represents 18%, the entire trunk is 36%, and the head is 10%
• Equal distribution among all body parts
• Head accounts for 50% of body surface area
• Legs have the highest percentage of surface area

What is the difference between upper and lower airway inhalation injury?

• Upper airway inhalation injury is usually caused by superheated air and steam, while lower airway injury is due to exposure to soot and chemical toxins.
• There is no difference between upper and lower airway injury.
• Upper injury is caused by chemicals, while lower injury is caused by heat.
• Upper injury affects the lungs, while lower injury affects the throat.

Why is fluid resuscitation such a critical part of the care of a burn patient?

• The area of edema from the burn acts as a 'third-space' into which fluid becomes sequestered.
• Other methods can compensate for the lack of fluid resuscitation
• Edema in burn patients does not affect fluid balance
• Fluid resuscitation is unnecessary for burn patients

What are the adverse effects of carbon monoxide that occur with smoke inhalation?

• Carbon monoxide impairs mitochondrial function, reduces ATP production, and shifts the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the left.
• Improves metabolic processes, boosts oxygen delivery, enhances hemoglobin stability
• Promotes cell repair, enhances respiratory capacity, boosts endurance
• Stimulates cellular regeneration, increases ATP production, shifts oxyhemoglobin curve to the right

What chemical mediators are released with burn injury and what responses would you expect to see as a result?

• Burned tissues release histamine, prostaglandins, bradykinin, and leukotrienes.
• Cytokines, growth factors, amino acids, and neurotransmitters
• Hormones, peptides, enzymes, and acids
• Vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and enzymes

What is the difference between upper and lower airway inhalation injury?

• Upper caused by heat, lower by soot and toxins
• Upper by chemicals, lower by smoke
• Upper by electricity, lower by liquid
• Upper by radiation, lower by steam

What chemical mediators are released with burn injury and what responses would you expect to see as a result?

• Histamine, prostaglandins, bradykinin, leukotrienes
• Hormones, enzymes, antibodies, neurotransmitters
• Insulin, dopamine, serotonin, melatonin
• Calcium, potassium, sodium, magnesium

What are the adverse effects of carbon monoxide that occur with smoke inhalation?

• Impaired oxygen unloading, metabolic acidosis, myocardial toxicity
• Enhanced muscle function, improved metabolism, decreased heart rate
• Improved tissue oxygenation, reduced acidosis, respiratory stimulation
• Increased oxygen delivery, alkalosis, cardiac protection

How does the rule of nines allocate the surface area percentages according to arms, legs, head, and trunk in adults?

• Each arm 9%, each leg 18%, trunk 36%, head 10%
• Each arm 15%, each leg 25%, trunk 30%, head 10%
• Each arm 7%, each leg 14%, trunk 42%, head 12%
• Each arm 11%, each leg 22%, trunk 33%, head 15%