Beliefs Sociologists

Who defined religion as ‘any belief system can be defined as religious if it functions to inspire individuals and to unite communities in terms of faith, devotion and commitment.’ ?

• Merton
• Kuhn
• Popper
• Durkheim

Who stated that science can only thrive if it receives support from other institutions?

• Popper
• Merton
• Kuhn
• Durkheim

Who argued that science is an open belief system governed by falsificationism?

• Popper
• Merton
• Durkheim
• Kuhn

Who proposed that science is a closed belief system based on shared assumptions called paradigms?

• Popper
• Merton
• Durkheim
• Kuhn

Who distinguished between ideological and utopian thought, considering Marxism as an example of Utopian thought?

• Mannheim
• Woolgar
• Weber
• Aldridge

Who argued that inclusive definitions of religion hinder the empirical assessment of its influence?

• Mannheim
• Mannheim
• Aldridge
• Weber

Who claimed that scientific facts are social constructions rather than objective truths?

• Mannheim
• Woolgar
• Weber
• Aldridge

Who argued that religious institutions create and maintain value consensus, order, and solidarity?

• Bellah
• Parsons
• Malinowski
• Durkheim

Who asserted that religion promotes solidarity by helping individuals cope with emotional stress?

• Parsons
• Malinowski
• Durkheim
• Bellah

Who identified religion's essential functions as sacralizing societal norms, promoting value consensus?

• Malinowski
• Durkheim
• Bellah
• Parsons