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Provides a structured approach to explain the interaction of networking devices.

Helps to visualize how networks operate and isolate network problems.

Explains the connectivity to understand the protocols and technology used in computer networks.

This layer is responsible for transmission and reception of unstructured raw data between a device. Handles data frames received from the Data Link layer into binary data bits of 1s and 0s.

Directly connected nodes are used to perform node-to-node data transfer where data is packaged into frames. This layer encompasses two sub-layers of its own. The first, media access control (MAC), provides flow control and multiplexing for device transmissions over a network.

Responsible for receiving frames from the data link layer, and delivering them to their intended destinations among based on the addresses contained inside the frame. This layer finds the destination by using logical addresses, such as IP (internet protocol). At this layer, routers are a crucial component used to quite literally route information where it needs to go between networks.

Manages the delivery and error checking of data packets. This is where TCP (transmission control protocol) and UDP (user datagram protocol) takes place.

This layer controls the conversations between different computers. A session or connection between machines is set up, managed, and determined at layer 5. This layer also include authentication and reconnections.

This layer formats or translates data for the application layer based on the syntax or semantics that the application accepts. Because of this, it at times also called the syntax layer. This layer can also handle the encryption and decryption required by the application layer.

This model provides a practical approach, unlike the OSI model, which is more theoretical.