Bacterial And Cyanobacterial Toxins

Which of the following toxins produced by cyanobacteria primarily causes skin irritation and allergic reactions upon contact?

• Anatoxin-a

• Dermatoxin

• Saxitoxin

• Microcystins

Which bacterial toxin is responsible for causing muscle paralysis by blocking the release of acetylcholine at neuromuscular junctions?

• Botulinum toxin

• Tetanus toxin

• Diphtheria toxin

• Cholera toxin

Which of the following bacterial toxins primarily targets and damages host cells, leading to cell death?

• Enterotoxin

• Neurotoxin

• Hemolysin

• Cytotoxin

Which type of hemolysin causes complete hemolysis, resulting in a clear zone around bacterial colonies on blood agar plates?

• Alpha hemolysin

• Beta hemolysin

• Gamma hemolysin

• Delta hemolysin

Which cyanotoxin is primarily associated with hepatotoxicity and can cause liver damage in humans and animals?

• Anatoxin-a

• Saxitoxin

• Microcystins

• Cylindrospermopsin

Which of the following bacterial toxins primarily targets the liver leading to liver damage and other adverse health effects?

• Botulinum toxin

• Tetanus toxin

• Diphtheria toxin

• Microcystins

Which of the following bacteria is commonly associated with the production of enterotoxins causing food poisoning?

• Clostridium botulinum

• Salmonella enterica

• Clostridium tetani

• Streptococcus pyogenes

Which cyanobacterial neurotoxin acts as an agonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, leading to symptoms such as muscle twitching, convulsions, and respiratory paralysis?

• Anatoxin-a

• Saxitoxin

• BMAA (β-N-methylamino-L-alanine)

• Cylindrospermopsin

Which mechanism of action is characteristic of diphtheria toxin?

• Disruption of cell membranes

• Inhibition of acetylcholine release

• Inhibition of protein synthesis

• Activation of adenylate cyclase

Which cyanobacterial toxin is associated with paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) when it accumulates in shellfish?

• Microcystins

• Anatoxin-a

• Saxitoxins

• Cylindrospermopsin